Exploration of Immunology

Table 1

Immunomodulation mechanisms of MSCs. MSCs modulate the immune responses of the target immune cells, using cell-cell interactions and the secretion of soluble molecules

Immunoregulatory mediators	Interactions	Target immune cells	Result	Refs
Fas/Fas ligand	Cell-cell contact	Macrophages, mDCs, T and B cells	Apoptosis	[34]
TNF-α/TNF-R	Cell-cell contact	Macrophages, mDCs, T and B cells	Apoptosis	[38]
PD-L1/PD-1	Cell-cell contact	T and B cells	Inhibition of cellular proliferation	[66]
HLA-G/LIRB2 (ILT4/CD85d) and KIR2DL4 (CD158d)	Cell-cell contact	mDCs, NK cells and T cells	Inhibition of cellular proliferation	[32, 75]
PGE2	Soluble factors	Macrophages, mDCs, T and B cells	M2 macrophages switching Inhibition of DCs maturation, T and B cell inactivation	[57]
IDO	Soluble factors	mDCs NK cells, T and B cells	G0/G1 cell cycle arrest	[34, 76]
NO	Soluble factors	Macrophages, T and B cells	Inhibition of cellular proliferation	[34, 76]
Galectins	Soluble factors	T and B cells	Inhibition of T and B cell proliferation	[76, 77]
Soluble HLA-G isoforms (HLA-G5-G7)	Soluble factors	mDCs, NK cells and T cells	Inhibition of cellular proliferation	[32, 75]
miR-21-5p, miR-142-3p, miR-223-3p, and miR-126-3p	Soluble factors	mDCs	Inhibition of DC maturation	[21, 46–50]
miR-145, miR-146 and miR-155	Soluble factors	Macrophages, T and B cells	Inactivation of M1 macrophages; switching from Th1 to Th2 responses	[21, 46–50]

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Note. Adapted with permission from “Mesenchymal stromal cells as potential immunomodulatory players in severe acute respiratory distress syndrome induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection” by Mallis P, Michalopoulos E, Chatzistamatiou T, Stavropoulos-Giokas C. World J Stem Cells. 2020;12:731–51 (https://doi.org/10.4252/wjsc.v12.i8.731). CC BY.