Exploration of BioMat-X

Exploration of BioMat-X

eISSN: 2996-9476

EiC: Maryam Tabrizian, Canada

Frequency: Bimonthly

APC: No Article Processing Charge before January 31, 2029

Publishing Model: Open Access

Peer Review Model: Single Blind

Permanent Archive: Portico

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Open Access

Original Article

Spectrum reconstruction of experimentally produced nano-colloids using Mie theory
Aim: Synthesis of plasmonic nanoparticles, characterization, size detection by modeling. Methods: Colloidal plasmonic gold and silver nanoparticles were prepared by laser ablation with a 1, [...] Read more.

Aim:

Synthesis of plasmonic nanoparticles, characterization, size detection by modeling.

Methods:

Colloidal plasmonic gold and silver nanoparticles were prepared by laser ablation with a 1,064 nm pulsed Nd:YAG laser with equal fractional volume and then were illuminated with its 532 nm second harmonic pulse. After the illumination process, we observed 1 nm blue shift in peak position of gold colloid and 4 nm blue shift in silver colloid. We observed a variation in the dielectric function due to nanoparticle size reduction in both samples. Using micrograph, size distribution was plotted and with the help of Mie theory and size dependent dielectric function, we reconstructed absorption spectrum to best fit the experimental spectrum and we estimated 12- and 16-fold increase in the number of Au and Ag nanoparticles respectively, due to illumination.

Results:

We have estimated size distribution of produced nanoparticles.

Conclusions:

We produced silver and gold colloids with ablation of their foils in water without any surfactant, and then we fragmented the nanoparticles colloids with an intense nanosecond laser and studied the effect of illumination on peak position and size distribution of colloids.

Hamid Nadjari, Hadi Movahedinejad

Published: October 22, 2024 Explor BioMat-X. 2024;1:289–299
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ebmx.2024.00021
This article belongs to the special issue Plasmonic Nanostructures for Designing Optical Biosensors

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Aim:

Synthesis of plasmonic nanoparticles, characterization, size detection by modeling.

Methods:

Colloidal plasmonic gold and silver nanoparticles were prepared by laser ablation with a 1,064 nm pulsed Nd:YAG laser with equal fractional volume and then were illuminated with its 532 nm second harmonic pulse. After the illumination process, we observed 1 nm blue shift in peak position of gold colloid and 4 nm blue shift in silver colloid. We observed a variation in the dielectric function due to nanoparticle size reduction in both samples. Using micrograph, size distribution was plotted and with the help of Mie theory and size dependent dielectric function, we reconstructed absorption spectrum to best fit the experimental spectrum and we estimated 12- and 16-fold increase in the number of Au and Ag nanoparticles respectively, due to illumination.

Results:

We have estimated size distribution of produced nanoparticles.

Conclusions:

We produced silver and gold colloids with ablation of their foils in water without any surfactant, and then we fragmented the nanoparticles colloids with an intense nanosecond laser and studied the effect of illumination on peak position and size distribution of colloids.

Open Access

Original Article

Digital analysis of internal fit variation of additively manufactured crown patterns
Aim: The purpose of this study was to digitally quantify the consistency and variation of printed resin crown patterns produced by different 3D printers, aiming to evaluate their clinical relevan [...] Read more.

Aim:

The purpose of this study was to digitally quantify the consistency and variation of printed resin crown patterns produced by different 3D printers, aiming to evaluate their clinical relevance and accuracy. This was accomplished by evaluating patterns manufactured using three different 3D printers and resin materials, assessing their fit and adaptation through digital scanning and analysis. The objective was to determine the internal and marginal variations of printed crown resin patterns and to identify the printer and material combinations that produce the most consistent and clinically acceptable results.

Methods:

A prefabricated typodont tooth was prepared for a crown and scanned using an intraoral scanner. From this scan, a crown was designed and the resulting STL file was exported. This 3D file was manufactured using resins indicated for castable patterns on 3 different printers: FotoDent^®Cast with the Carbon M2 printer, Form 3 Castable with the Form 2 printer, and Siraya Tech Cast with the ELEGOO Mars 2 Pro 3D printer. Finally, the crown resin patterns were scanned using an intraoral digital scanner (3Shape TRIOS 3) scanner, and crown adaptation was digitally quantified in GeoMagic software. Clinically relevant significance was determined (marginal gap < 50 µm) between resin patterns printed on different printers.

Results:

Form 3 Castable/Form 2 printer had the lowest mean internal variation at all measurement areas, 21.07 μm at the occlusal, 104.23 μm at the margin, and 37.98 μm at the axial. FotoDent^® Cast/Carbon M2 had the largest marginal variation while Siraya Tech Cast/ELEGOO Mars 2 Pro had the largest occlusal variation. Within each material, the largest internal variation was at the marginal area while the lowest value was in the occlusal area.

Conclusions:

All printed crowns displayed clinically acceptable ranges, but there was a statistically significant difference in the fit between all printers.

Wendy A. Clark ... Ingeborg J. De Kok

Published: October 14, 2024 Explor BioMat-X. 2024;1:280–288
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ebmx.2024.00020
This article belongs to the special issue Innovations in Biomaterials for Dentistry and Oral Surgery

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Aim:

The purpose of this study was to digitally quantify the consistency and variation of printed resin crown patterns produced by different 3D printers, aiming to evaluate their clinical relevance and accuracy. This was accomplished by evaluating patterns manufactured using three different 3D printers and resin materials, assessing their fit and adaptation through digital scanning and analysis. The objective was to determine the internal and marginal variations of printed crown resin patterns and to identify the printer and material combinations that produce the most consistent and clinically acceptable results.

Methods:

A prefabricated typodont tooth was prepared for a crown and scanned using an intraoral scanner. From this scan, a crown was designed and the resulting STL file was exported. This 3D file was manufactured using resins indicated for castable patterns on 3 different printers: FotoDent^®Cast with the Carbon M2 printer, Form 3 Castable with the Form 2 printer, and Siraya Tech Cast with the ELEGOO Mars 2 Pro 3D printer. Finally, the crown resin patterns were scanned using an intraoral digital scanner (3Shape TRIOS 3) scanner, and crown adaptation was digitally quantified in GeoMagic software. Clinically relevant significance was determined (marginal gap < 50 µm) between resin patterns printed on different printers.

Results:

Form 3 Castable/Form 2 printer had the lowest mean internal variation at all measurement areas, 21.07 μm at the occlusal, 104.23 μm at the margin, and 37.98 μm at the axial. FotoDent^® Cast/Carbon M2 had the largest marginal variation while Siraya Tech Cast/ELEGOO Mars 2 Pro had the largest occlusal variation. Within each material, the largest internal variation was at the marginal area while the lowest value was in the occlusal area.

Conclusions:

All printed crowns displayed clinically acceptable ranges, but there was a statistically significant difference in the fit between all printers.

Open Access

Original Article

3D printed hernia mesh implant: a conformability study
Aim: This study aims to explore the sensing capabilities of polyvinylidene fluoride-hydroxyapatite-chitosan (PVDF-HAP-CS) composite-based hernia mesh implants (of conformal/planar design), follow [...] Read more.

Aim:

This study aims to explore the sensing capabilities of polyvinylidene fluoride-hydroxyapatite-chitosan (PVDF-HAP-CS) composite-based hernia mesh implants (of conformal/planar design), followed by in-vitro analysis for better understanding of the bio-stability in the patient’s body.

Methods:

For analyzing the sensing capabilities, a microstrip patch antenna (MPA)-based implantable sensor [with 17-4 precipitate hardened (PH) stainless steel (SS) (bio-compatible) and Cu alloy (non-biocompatible) materials as conducting plane/patch with PVDF-HAP-CS as dielectric material] has been considered separately in this study. Primarily, in this study, the 3D models of the hernia mesh implant have been designed in the high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS) software, and the sensing behaviour of the same has been recorded.

Results:

The HFSS results represent that for the 17-4PH SS-based sensor, resonant frequency (f_r) decreases from 2.3953 to 2.3800 GHz, whereas the gain increases from 0.54 to 4.02 dB with a SAR value of 1.077 W/kg. The f_rfor Cu alloy increases up to 30° conformal angle and, after that, starts decreasing, whereas the gain reaches 3.24 dB with a SAR value of 1.238 W/kg. The in-vitro study highlights that both materials (17-4PH SS and Cu alloy) possess a low corrosion rate.

Conclusions:

The simulation-based comparison of the biosensors with conducting elements 17-4PH SS and Cu alloy for different conformal angles indicates that the 17-4PH SS shows promising results over Cu in terms of higher gain (up to 4.02 dB) and low SAR value (1.077 W/kg) with the f_rlying in the industry scientific and medical (ISM) band and therefore may be used for implantable sensor applications and possesses the capability to be used as 3D-printed hernia mesh implant. The in-vitro results with the low corrosion rate ≈ of 5.1 × 10^–8mm/year, 17-4PH SS may be a suitable material for the fabrication of hernia mesh implant.

Abhishek Barwar ... J. Paulo Davim

Published: September 30, 2024 Explor BioMat-X. 2024;1:266–279
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ebmx.2024.00019

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Aim:

This study aims to explore the sensing capabilities of polyvinylidene fluoride-hydroxyapatite-chitosan (PVDF-HAP-CS) composite-based hernia mesh implants (of conformal/planar design), followed by in-vitro analysis for better understanding of the bio-stability in the patient’s body.

Methods:

For analyzing the sensing capabilities, a microstrip patch antenna (MPA)-based implantable sensor [with 17-4 precipitate hardened (PH) stainless steel (SS) (bio-compatible) and Cu alloy (non-biocompatible) materials as conducting plane/patch with PVDF-HAP-CS as dielectric material] has been considered separately in this study. Primarily, in this study, the 3D models of the hernia mesh implant have been designed in the high-frequency structure simulator (HFSS) software, and the sensing behaviour of the same has been recorded.

Results:

The HFSS results represent that for the 17-4PH SS-based sensor, resonant frequency (f_r) decreases from 2.3953 to 2.3800 GHz, whereas the gain increases from 0.54 to 4.02 dB with a SAR value of 1.077 W/kg. The f_rfor Cu alloy increases up to 30° conformal angle and, after that, starts decreasing, whereas the gain reaches 3.24 dB with a SAR value of 1.238 W/kg. The in-vitro study highlights that both materials (17-4PH SS and Cu alloy) possess a low corrosion rate.

Conclusions:

The simulation-based comparison of the biosensors with conducting elements 17-4PH SS and Cu alloy for different conformal angles indicates that the 17-4PH SS shows promising results over Cu in terms of higher gain (up to 4.02 dB) and low SAR value (1.077 W/kg) with the f_rlying in the industry scientific and medical (ISM) band and therefore may be used for implantable sensor applications and possesses the capability to be used as 3D-printed hernia mesh implant. The in-vitro results with the low corrosion rate ≈ of 5.1 × 10^–8mm/year, 17-4PH SS may be a suitable material for the fabrication of hernia mesh implant.

Open Access

Review

Advancements in surface modification strategies of vascular grafts to improve biocompatibility and tissue integration
Improving the performance of blood-contacting medical implants is a global health necessity aimed at reducing mortality and morbidity in patients with cardiovascular diseases. Surface modification o [...] Read more.

Improving the performance of blood-contacting medical implants is a global health necessity aimed at reducing mortality and morbidity in patients with cardiovascular diseases. Surface modification of the biomaterials from which the vascular grafts are constructed has been used to reduce the risk of complications such as thrombosis and infection. Herein with a focus on vascular tissue engineering, we provided an overview of (a) fundamental hemodynamic considerations for blood-contacting biomaterials, (b) surface modification strategies to attenuate nonspecific adhesion of proteins, improve hemocompatibility, and induce the formation of a confluent endothelial lining, and (c) the guidelines for the clinical development of surface modified biomaterials.

Noor Abu Jarad ... Tohid F. Didar

Published: September 13, 2024 Explor BioMat-X. 2024;1:241–265
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ebmx.2024.00018

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Improving the performance of blood-contacting medical implants is a global health necessity aimed at reducing mortality and morbidity in patients with cardiovascular diseases. Surface modification of the biomaterials from which the vascular grafts are constructed has been used to reduce the risk of complications such as thrombosis and infection. Herein with a focus on vascular tissue engineering, we provided an overview of (a) fundamental hemodynamic considerations for blood-contacting biomaterials, (b) surface modification strategies to attenuate nonspecific adhesion of proteins, improve hemocompatibility, and induce the formation of a confluent endothelial lining, and (c) the guidelines for the clinical development of surface modified biomaterials.

Open Access

Review

Stress-shielding in aseptic loosening on the 3D printed acetabular cup in hip arthroplasty: review article
The increasing number of prosthetic hip replacement surgeries and their growing indication have led to a growing interest in understanding the factors that influence their long-term success. Total h [...] Read more.

The increasing number of prosthetic hip replacement surgeries and their growing indication have led to a growing interest in understanding the factors that influence their long-term success. Total hip arthroplasty (THA) failure is mainly due to aseptic loosening. More rarely septic mobilization may occur. In the first case, many variables influence the bone-implant relationship and periprosthetic bone remodeling. Stress-shielding is the most evident but not fully explained manifestation of the bone implant interaction. Recently, three-dimensional (3D) printed titanium orthopedic implants have offered new perspectives in the field of hip prosthetics, enabling the customization and production of acetabular cups with enhanced biocompatibility. This review aims to evaluate the efficacy and reliability of 3D printed acetabular cups from the perspective of aseptic failure particularly related to the stress-shielding. The most recent clinical and preclinical studies will be reviewed, exploring the benefits and challenges associated with the use of these emerging technologies. Key factors, such as biocompatibility, mechanical stability, osseointegration, and wear resistance.

Antonio Ziranu ... Greta Tanzi Germani

Published: August 31, 2024 Explor BioMat-X. 2024;1:231–240
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ebmx.2024.00017
This article belongs to the special issue Metal 3D Printing of Biometals for Prostheses and Implants

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The increasing number of prosthetic hip replacement surgeries and their growing indication have led to a growing interest in understanding the factors that influence their long-term success. Total hip arthroplasty (THA) failure is mainly due to aseptic loosening. More rarely septic mobilization may occur. In the first case, many variables influence the bone-implant relationship and periprosthetic bone remodeling. Stress-shielding is the most evident but not fully explained manifestation of the bone implant interaction. Recently, three-dimensional (3D) printed titanium orthopedic implants have offered new perspectives in the field of hip prosthetics, enabling the customization and production of acetabular cups with enhanced biocompatibility. This review aims to evaluate the efficacy and reliability of 3D printed acetabular cups from the perspective of aseptic failure particularly related to the stress-shielding. The most recent clinical and preclinical studies will be reviewed, exploring the benefits and challenges associated with the use of these emerging technologies. Key factors, such as biocompatibility, mechanical stability, osseointegration, and wear resistance.

Open Access

Original Article

A tri-layer tissue engineering heart valve scaffold based on atelocollagen, hyaluronic acid, and elastin
Aim: This study aims to fabricate and characterise a novel tri-layer scaffold based on type I atelocollagen, hyaluronic acid (HA), and a novel fibrillar elastin gel, mimicking the native heart va [...] Read more.

Aim:

This study aims to fabricate and characterise a novel tri-layer scaffold based on type I atelocollagen, hyaluronic acid (HA), and a novel fibrillar elastin gel, mimicking the native heart valve leaflets in structure, composition, and mechanical properties, among which, the bending anisotropic behaviour in both the with curvature (WC) and the against curvature (AC) directions, is the most desired. The use of atelocollagen is of significant importance in highlighting the non-antigenic potential of the design.

Methods:

Porous scaffolds were freeze-dried, then crosslinked using 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS). The fibrillogenesis occurrence and the scaffold microstructure were imaged using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FITR) investigated the effect of fabrication and crosslinking on the backbone structure. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) characterised the compressive and bending properties of the scaffolds in hydrated and non-hydrated states. Three-point bending and a “self-deflection” test were performed on tri-layer scaffolds in both WC and AC directions.

Results:

Atelocollagen-based scaffolds were successfully produced, rendering this study the first to report a tri-layer structure using atelocollagen, HA, and elastin fibrillar gel. The scaffolds’ porosity was tailored to accommodate potential future biological studies and the transition between layers appeared seamless. FITR unveiled effective crosslinking and the backbone structure preservation. The scaffolds exhibited lightly crosslinked polymer resembling mechanical responses when non-hydrated, and the desired J-curve stress-strain response was observed when hydrated. The tri-layer scaffolds showed anisotropic bending behaviour with a bending modulus of 5.41 ± 1.14 kPa (WC) and 7.98 ± 2.22 kPa (AC).

Conclusions:

The tri-layer scaffolds fabricated resemble the native aortic valve leaflets in structure and composition, and successfully introduced bending anisotropy in physiological conditions. Together with the suitable microstructure and promising mechanical properties, the design is reckoned to be a potential tissue engineering heart valve candidate.

Zhaoying Ma ... Jan T. Czernuszka

Published: August 29, 2024 Explor BioMat-X. 2024;1:215–230
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ebmx.2024.00016
This article belongs to the special issue Bioinspired Material for Regenerative Medicine

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Aim:

This study aims to fabricate and characterise a novel tri-layer scaffold based on type I atelocollagen, hyaluronic acid (HA), and a novel fibrillar elastin gel, mimicking the native heart valve leaflets in structure, composition, and mechanical properties, among which, the bending anisotropic behaviour in both the with curvature (WC) and the against curvature (AC) directions, is the most desired. The use of atelocollagen is of significant importance in highlighting the non-antigenic potential of the design.

Methods:

Porous scaffolds were freeze-dried, then crosslinked using 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS). The fibrillogenesis occurrence and the scaffold microstructure were imaged using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FITR) investigated the effect of fabrication and crosslinking on the backbone structure. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) characterised the compressive and bending properties of the scaffolds in hydrated and non-hydrated states. Three-point bending and a “self-deflection” test were performed on tri-layer scaffolds in both WC and AC directions.

Results:

Atelocollagen-based scaffolds were successfully produced, rendering this study the first to report a tri-layer structure using atelocollagen, HA, and elastin fibrillar gel. The scaffolds’ porosity was tailored to accommodate potential future biological studies and the transition between layers appeared seamless. FITR unveiled effective crosslinking and the backbone structure preservation. The scaffolds exhibited lightly crosslinked polymer resembling mechanical responses when non-hydrated, and the desired J-curve stress-strain response was observed when hydrated. The tri-layer scaffolds showed anisotropic bending behaviour with a bending modulus of 5.41 ± 1.14 kPa (WC) and 7.98 ± 2.22 kPa (AC).

Conclusions:

The tri-layer scaffolds fabricated resemble the native aortic valve leaflets in structure and composition, and successfully introduced bending anisotropy in physiological conditions. Together with the suitable microstructure and promising mechanical properties, the design is reckoned to be a potential tissue engineering heart valve candidate.

Archives Current Issue

Open Access

Original Article

Fabrication and characterization of pHEMA hydrogel conduit containing GelMA-HaMA IPN for peripheral nerve regeneration
Aim: Small defects after any injury to the periperal nerves results in self-regeneration. However, for larger defects, suturing or grafting are necessary, which may have limitations. Thus, resear [...] Read more.

Aim:

Small defects after any injury to the periperal nerves results in self-regeneration. However, for larger defects, suturing or grafting are necessary, which may have limitations. Thus, research on nerve guidence conduits is needed without drawbacks. The aim of the study was to develop hydrogel-based conduits containing interpenetrating network (IPN).

Methods:

Methacrylated gelatin (GelMA)-methacrylated hyaluronic acid (HaMA) IPN was filled the poly(2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate) (pHEMA) the outer conduit. Schwann cells (SCs) were used on the pHEMA and the distal end of the tube was injected with netrin-1 to support model SH-SY5Y cells.

Results:

¹H-nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H-NMR) showed that methacrylation degrees were 94% ± 2% for GelMA and 60% ± 7% for HaMA. The fraction of HaMA increased the degradation rate; pure HaMA degraded in 3 weeks, while pure GelMA in more than 5 weeks. An increase in the fraction of 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate (HEMA) from 20% to 56% decreased the porosity and the pore size, significantly. SH-SY5Y cells migrated along the conduit in the presence of netrin-1. NeuN expression was increased in 2 weeks indicating neuronal activity.

Conclusions:

SH-SY5Y cells produced neurites in the IPN. pHEMA conduit including GelMA-HaMA IPN is a good candidate for peripheral nerve regeneration applications. As future studies, the conduit will be tested in vivo for nerve regeneration.

Damla Arslantunali Sahin ... Vasif Hasirci

Published: February 26, 2024 Explor BioMat-X. 2024;1:34–57
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ebmx.2024.00005
This article belongs to the special issue Nature-Based Biomaterials for Biomedical Applications

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Aim:

Small defects after any injury to the periperal nerves results in self-regeneration. However, for larger defects, suturing or grafting are necessary, which may have limitations. Thus, research on nerve guidence conduits is needed without drawbacks. The aim of the study was to develop hydrogel-based conduits containing interpenetrating network (IPN).

Methods:

Methacrylated gelatin (GelMA)-methacrylated hyaluronic acid (HaMA) IPN was filled the poly(2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate) (pHEMA) the outer conduit. Schwann cells (SCs) were used on the pHEMA and the distal end of the tube was injected with netrin-1 to support model SH-SY5Y cells.

Results:

¹H-nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H-NMR) showed that methacrylation degrees were 94% ± 2% for GelMA and 60% ± 7% for HaMA. The fraction of HaMA increased the degradation rate; pure HaMA degraded in 3 weeks, while pure GelMA in more than 5 weeks. An increase in the fraction of 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate (HEMA) from 20% to 56% decreased the porosity and the pore size, significantly. SH-SY5Y cells migrated along the conduit in the presence of netrin-1. NeuN expression was increased in 2 weeks indicating neuronal activity.

Conclusions:

SH-SY5Y cells produced neurites in the IPN. pHEMA conduit including GelMA-HaMA IPN is a good candidate for peripheral nerve regeneration applications. As future studies, the conduit will be tested in vivo for nerve regeneration.

Open Access

Commentary

Navigating regulatory challenges in molecularly tailored nanomedicine
Nanomedicine, a convergence of nanotechnology and medical sciences, has unleashed transformative potential in healthcare. However, harnessing the benefits of nanomedicine requires a thorough underst [...] Read more.

Nanomedicine, a convergence of nanotechnology and medical sciences, has unleashed transformative potential in healthcare. However, harnessing the benefits of nanomedicine requires a thorough understanding of its regulatory landscape. An in-depth discussion of regulatory considerations, including molecular safety assessment, harmonization of the regulatory landscape, and shaping the future of innovation, is presented in this discourse. The molecular safety assessment entails evaluating interactions between nanoparticles and biomolecules, ensuring compatibility at the molecular level. Harmonization involves developing international standards and guidelines for a consistent regulatory approach, while shaping innovations emphasizes integrating molecular safety assessments into early stages of development. Challenges encompass the need for standardized assessment methods, balancing innovation with safety, and addressing unique features of novel molecular designs. As the nanomedicine landscape evolves, effective regulatory strategies must navigate the intricate interplay of molecules and technologies, ensuring both patient access and product safety.

Ajay Vikram Singh ... Paolo Zamboni

Published: April 25, 2024 Explor BioMat-X. 2024;1:124–134
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ebmx.2024.00009

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Nanomedicine, a convergence of nanotechnology and medical sciences, has unleashed transformative potential in healthcare. However, harnessing the benefits of nanomedicine requires a thorough understanding of its regulatory landscape. An in-depth discussion of regulatory considerations, including molecular safety assessment, harmonization of the regulatory landscape, and shaping the future of innovation, is presented in this discourse. The molecular safety assessment entails evaluating interactions between nanoparticles and biomolecules, ensuring compatibility at the molecular level. Harmonization involves developing international standards and guidelines for a consistent regulatory approach, while shaping innovations emphasizes integrating molecular safety assessments into early stages of development. Challenges encompass the need for standardized assessment methods, balancing innovation with safety, and addressing unique features of novel molecular designs. As the nanomedicine landscape evolves, effective regulatory strategies must navigate the intricate interplay of molecules and technologies, ensuring both patient access and product safety.

Open Access

Original Article

Gum Arabic-assisted green synthesis of gold nanoparticles as fluorescence modulator for potential analytical applications
Aim: To demonstrate a simple, eco-friendly, and cost-effective green method to synthesize gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using the aqueous extract of gum Arabic (GA) as a reducing and stabilizing age [...] Read more.

Aim:

To demonstrate a simple, eco-friendly, and cost-effective green method to synthesize gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using the aqueous extract of gum Arabic (GA) as a reducing and stabilizing agent.

Methods:

Green synthesis of nanoparticles, characterization by absorption, infra-red and fluorescence spectroscopy.

Results:

The absorption spectrum (UV-Vis) showed an absorption peak ~522 nm corresponding to the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) absorption peak of AuNPs. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images revealed spherical-shaped nanoparticles with an average size of 15 nm. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis showed that the nanoparticles are coated with organic compounds that are present in GA. The fluorescence quenching properties of the AuNPs were assessed by monitoring their effects on fluorescence intensity of coumarin 153 (C153) dye. The fluorescence of the dye decreased with an increase in concentration of the nanoparticles. Upon addition of the protein bovine serum albumin (BSA) to the mixture the fluorescence increased (recovery) again.

Conclusions:

The fluorescence quenching and recovery (turn-on/off system) is a valuable method for protein detection in solution. By observing the effect of BSA on the quenched fluorescence, this nanoparticle system shows promise in biomedicine, drug delivery and environmental monitoring.

Ahmed T. Algahiny ... Fryad Z. Henari

Published: July 28, 2024 Explor BioMat-X. 2024;1:190–201
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ebmx.2024.00014
This article belongs to the special issue Green Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications

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Aim:

To demonstrate a simple, eco-friendly, and cost-effective green method to synthesize gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using the aqueous extract of gum Arabic (GA) as a reducing and stabilizing agent.

Methods:

Green synthesis of nanoparticles, characterization by absorption, infra-red and fluorescence spectroscopy.

Results:

The absorption spectrum (UV-Vis) showed an absorption peak ~522 nm corresponding to the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) absorption peak of AuNPs. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images revealed spherical-shaped nanoparticles with an average size of 15 nm. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis showed that the nanoparticles are coated with organic compounds that are present in GA. The fluorescence quenching properties of the AuNPs were assessed by monitoring their effects on fluorescence intensity of coumarin 153 (C153) dye. The fluorescence of the dye decreased with an increase in concentration of the nanoparticles. Upon addition of the protein bovine serum albumin (BSA) to the mixture the fluorescence increased (recovery) again.

Conclusions:

The fluorescence quenching and recovery (turn-on/off system) is a valuable method for protein detection in solution. By observing the effect of BSA on the quenched fluorescence, this nanoparticle system shows promise in biomedicine, drug delivery and environmental monitoring.

Open Access

Editorial

Exploration of biomaterials: a multidisciplinary venture

Maryam Tabrizian

Published: January 01, 2024 Explor BioMat-X. 2024;1:1–4
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ebmx.2023.00001

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Open Access

Review

Journey of medical device development from the bench to the bedside—four real-life examples of commercial biomaterials development
Translating biomaterials research into clinical products is a multidisciplinary yet rewarding journey. It should primarily aim to improve patient treatment and clinical outcomes by addressing unmet [...] Read more.

Translating biomaterials research into clinical products is a multidisciplinary yet rewarding journey. It should primarily aim to improve patient treatment and clinical outcomes by addressing unmet clinical needs. Four examples of commercial development of biomaterial implants illustrate the diversity of paths, starting from academic research work (AlchiMedics, TISSIUM, Cousin Surgery) or corporate initiatives to develop new products (Medtronic-Sofradim Production). They have been selected from the Translational Research session of the 2022 Conference of the European Society for Biomaterials (ESB) in Bordeaux (France). Commitment, agility, and perseverance were among the key common skills to successfully meet challenges, especially the most unexpected ones. All dimensions of translation projects must be integrated from the start, including the regulatory strategy.

Yves Bayon ... Didier Letourneur

Published: January 16, 2024 Explor BioMat-X. 2024;1:23–33
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ebmx.2024.00004

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Translating biomaterials research into clinical products is a multidisciplinary yet rewarding journey. It should primarily aim to improve patient treatment and clinical outcomes by addressing unmet clinical needs. Four examples of commercial development of biomaterial implants illustrate the diversity of paths, starting from academic research work (AlchiMedics, TISSIUM, Cousin Surgery) or corporate initiatives to develop new products (Medtronic-Sofradim Production). They have been selected from the Translational Research session of the 2022 Conference of the European Society for Biomaterials (ESB) in Bordeaux (France). Commitment, agility, and perseverance were among the key common skills to successfully meet challenges, especially the most unexpected ones. All dimensions of translation projects must be integrated from the start, including the regulatory strategy.

Open Access

Original Article

A tri-layer tissue engineering heart valve scaffold based on atelocollagen, hyaluronic acid, and elastin
Aim: This study aims to fabricate and characterise a novel tri-layer scaffold based on type I atelocollagen, hyaluronic acid (HA), and a novel fibrillar elastin gel, mimicking the native heart va [...] Read more.

Aim:

This study aims to fabricate and characterise a novel tri-layer scaffold based on type I atelocollagen, hyaluronic acid (HA), and a novel fibrillar elastin gel, mimicking the native heart valve leaflets in structure, composition, and mechanical properties, among which, the bending anisotropic behaviour in both the with curvature (WC) and the against curvature (AC) directions, is the most desired. The use of atelocollagen is of significant importance in highlighting the non-antigenic potential of the design.

Methods:

Porous scaffolds were freeze-dried, then crosslinked using 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS). The fibrillogenesis occurrence and the scaffold microstructure were imaged using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FITR) investigated the effect of fabrication and crosslinking on the backbone structure. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) characterised the compressive and bending properties of the scaffolds in hydrated and non-hydrated states. Three-point bending and a “self-deflection” test were performed on tri-layer scaffolds in both WC and AC directions.

Results:

Atelocollagen-based scaffolds were successfully produced, rendering this study the first to report a tri-layer structure using atelocollagen, HA, and elastin fibrillar gel. The scaffolds’ porosity was tailored to accommodate potential future biological studies and the transition between layers appeared seamless. FITR unveiled effective crosslinking and the backbone structure preservation. The scaffolds exhibited lightly crosslinked polymer resembling mechanical responses when non-hydrated, and the desired J-curve stress-strain response was observed when hydrated. The tri-layer scaffolds showed anisotropic bending behaviour with a bending modulus of 5.41 ± 1.14 kPa (WC) and 7.98 ± 2.22 kPa (AC).

Conclusions:

The tri-layer scaffolds fabricated resemble the native aortic valve leaflets in structure and composition, and successfully introduced bending anisotropy in physiological conditions. Together with the suitable microstructure and promising mechanical properties, the design is reckoned to be a potential tissue engineering heart valve candidate.

Zhaoying Ma ... Jan T. Czernuszka

Published: August 29, 2024 Explor BioMat-X. 2024;1:215–230
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ebmx.2024.00016
This article belongs to the special issue Bioinspired Material for Regenerative Medicine

Full Text

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View:1611

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Times Cited: 0

Aim:

This study aims to fabricate and characterise a novel tri-layer scaffold based on type I atelocollagen, hyaluronic acid (HA), and a novel fibrillar elastin gel, mimicking the native heart valve leaflets in structure, composition, and mechanical properties, among which, the bending anisotropic behaviour in both the with curvature (WC) and the against curvature (AC) directions, is the most desired. The use of atelocollagen is of significant importance in highlighting the non-antigenic potential of the design.

Methods:

Porous scaffolds were freeze-dried, then crosslinked using 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS). The fibrillogenesis occurrence and the scaffold microstructure were imaged using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FITR) investigated the effect of fabrication and crosslinking on the backbone structure. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) characterised the compressive and bending properties of the scaffolds in hydrated and non-hydrated states. Three-point bending and a “self-deflection” test were performed on tri-layer scaffolds in both WC and AC directions.

Results:

Atelocollagen-based scaffolds were successfully produced, rendering this study the first to report a tri-layer structure using atelocollagen, HA, and elastin fibrillar gel. The scaffolds’ porosity was tailored to accommodate potential future biological studies and the transition between layers appeared seamless. FITR unveiled effective crosslinking and the backbone structure preservation. The scaffolds exhibited lightly crosslinked polymer resembling mechanical responses when non-hydrated, and the desired J-curve stress-strain response was observed when hydrated. The tri-layer scaffolds showed anisotropic bending behaviour with a bending modulus of 5.41 ± 1.14 kPa (WC) and 7.98 ± 2.22 kPa (AC).

Conclusions:

The tri-layer scaffolds fabricated resemble the native aortic valve leaflets in structure and composition, and successfully introduced bending anisotropy in physiological conditions. Together with the suitable microstructure and promising mechanical properties, the design is reckoned to be a potential tissue engineering heart valve candidate.

Archives Current Issue

Open Access

Commentary

Navigating regulatory challenges in molecularly tailored nanomedicine
Nanomedicine, a convergence of nanotechnology and medical sciences, has unleashed transformative potential in healthcare. However, harnessing the benefits of nanomedicine requires a thorough underst [...] Read more.

Nanomedicine, a convergence of nanotechnology and medical sciences, has unleashed transformative potential in healthcare. However, harnessing the benefits of nanomedicine requires a thorough understanding of its regulatory landscape. An in-depth discussion of regulatory considerations, including molecular safety assessment, harmonization of the regulatory landscape, and shaping the future of innovation, is presented in this discourse. The molecular safety assessment entails evaluating interactions between nanoparticles and biomolecules, ensuring compatibility at the molecular level. Harmonization involves developing international standards and guidelines for a consistent regulatory approach, while shaping innovations emphasizes integrating molecular safety assessments into early stages of development. Challenges encompass the need for standardized assessment methods, balancing innovation with safety, and addressing unique features of novel molecular designs. As the nanomedicine landscape evolves, effective regulatory strategies must navigate the intricate interplay of molecules and technologies, ensuring both patient access and product safety.

Ajay Vikram Singh ... Paolo Zamboni

Published: April 25, 2024 Explor BioMat-X. 2024;1:124–134
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ebmx.2024.00009

Full Text

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View:2017

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Times Cited: 11

Nanomedicine, a convergence of nanotechnology and medical sciences, has unleashed transformative potential in healthcare. However, harnessing the benefits of nanomedicine requires a thorough understanding of its regulatory landscape. An in-depth discussion of regulatory considerations, including molecular safety assessment, harmonization of the regulatory landscape, and shaping the future of innovation, is presented in this discourse. The molecular safety assessment entails evaluating interactions between nanoparticles and biomolecules, ensuring compatibility at the molecular level. Harmonization involves developing international standards and guidelines for a consistent regulatory approach, while shaping innovations emphasizes integrating molecular safety assessments into early stages of development. Challenges encompass the need for standardized assessment methods, balancing innovation with safety, and addressing unique features of novel molecular designs. As the nanomedicine landscape evolves, effective regulatory strategies must navigate the intricate interplay of molecules and technologies, ensuring both patient access and product safety.

Open Access

Original Article

Fabrication and characterization of pHEMA hydrogel conduit containing GelMA-HaMA IPN for peripheral nerve regeneration
Aim: Small defects after any injury to the periperal nerves results in self-regeneration. However, for larger defects, suturing or grafting are necessary, which may have limitations. Thus, resear [...] Read more.

Aim:

Small defects after any injury to the periperal nerves results in self-regeneration. However, for larger defects, suturing or grafting are necessary, which may have limitations. Thus, research on nerve guidence conduits is needed without drawbacks. The aim of the study was to develop hydrogel-based conduits containing interpenetrating network (IPN).

Methods:

Methacrylated gelatin (GelMA)-methacrylated hyaluronic acid (HaMA) IPN was filled the poly(2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate) (pHEMA) the outer conduit. Schwann cells (SCs) were used on the pHEMA and the distal end of the tube was injected with netrin-1 to support model SH-SY5Y cells.

Results:

¹H-nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H-NMR) showed that methacrylation degrees were 94% ± 2% for GelMA and 60% ± 7% for HaMA. The fraction of HaMA increased the degradation rate; pure HaMA degraded in 3 weeks, while pure GelMA in more than 5 weeks. An increase in the fraction of 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate (HEMA) from 20% to 56% decreased the porosity and the pore size, significantly. SH-SY5Y cells migrated along the conduit in the presence of netrin-1. NeuN expression was increased in 2 weeks indicating neuronal activity.

Conclusions:

SH-SY5Y cells produced neurites in the IPN. pHEMA conduit including GelMA-HaMA IPN is a good candidate for peripheral nerve regeneration applications. As future studies, the conduit will be tested in vivo for nerve regeneration.

Damla Arslantunali Sahin ... Vasif Hasirci

Published: February 26, 2024 Explor BioMat-X. 2024;1:34–57
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ebmx.2024.00005
This article belongs to the special issue Nature-Based Biomaterials for Biomedical Applications

Full Text

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View:2201

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Times Cited: 1

Aim:

Small defects after any injury to the periperal nerves results in self-regeneration. However, for larger defects, suturing or grafting are necessary, which may have limitations. Thus, research on nerve guidence conduits is needed without drawbacks. The aim of the study was to develop hydrogel-based conduits containing interpenetrating network (IPN).

Methods:

Methacrylated gelatin (GelMA)-methacrylated hyaluronic acid (HaMA) IPN was filled the poly(2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate) (pHEMA) the outer conduit. Schwann cells (SCs) were used on the pHEMA and the distal end of the tube was injected with netrin-1 to support model SH-SY5Y cells.

Results:

¹H-nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H-NMR) showed that methacrylation degrees were 94% ± 2% for GelMA and 60% ± 7% for HaMA. The fraction of HaMA increased the degradation rate; pure HaMA degraded in 3 weeks, while pure GelMA in more than 5 weeks. An increase in the fraction of 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate (HEMA) from 20% to 56% decreased the porosity and the pore size, significantly. SH-SY5Y cells migrated along the conduit in the presence of netrin-1. NeuN expression was increased in 2 weeks indicating neuronal activity.

Conclusions:

SH-SY5Y cells produced neurites in the IPN. pHEMA conduit including GelMA-HaMA IPN is a good candidate for peripheral nerve regeneration applications. As future studies, the conduit will be tested in vivo for nerve regeneration.

Open Access

Original Article

A tri-layer tissue engineering heart valve scaffold based on atelocollagen, hyaluronic acid, and elastin
Aim: This study aims to fabricate and characterise a novel tri-layer scaffold based on type I atelocollagen, hyaluronic acid (HA), and a novel fibrillar elastin gel, mimicking the native heart va [...] Read more.

Aim:

This study aims to fabricate and characterise a novel tri-layer scaffold based on type I atelocollagen, hyaluronic acid (HA), and a novel fibrillar elastin gel, mimicking the native heart valve leaflets in structure, composition, and mechanical properties, among which, the bending anisotropic behaviour in both the with curvature (WC) and the against curvature (AC) directions, is the most desired. The use of atelocollagen is of significant importance in highlighting the non-antigenic potential of the design.

Methods:

Porous scaffolds were freeze-dried, then crosslinked using 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS). The fibrillogenesis occurrence and the scaffold microstructure were imaged using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FITR) investigated the effect of fabrication and crosslinking on the backbone structure. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) characterised the compressive and bending properties of the scaffolds in hydrated and non-hydrated states. Three-point bending and a “self-deflection” test were performed on tri-layer scaffolds in both WC and AC directions.

Results:

Atelocollagen-based scaffolds were successfully produced, rendering this study the first to report a tri-layer structure using atelocollagen, HA, and elastin fibrillar gel. The scaffolds’ porosity was tailored to accommodate potential future biological studies and the transition between layers appeared seamless. FITR unveiled effective crosslinking and the backbone structure preservation. The scaffolds exhibited lightly crosslinked polymer resembling mechanical responses when non-hydrated, and the desired J-curve stress-strain response was observed when hydrated. The tri-layer scaffolds showed anisotropic bending behaviour with a bending modulus of 5.41 ± 1.14 kPa (WC) and 7.98 ± 2.22 kPa (AC).

Conclusions:

The tri-layer scaffolds fabricated resemble the native aortic valve leaflets in structure and composition, and successfully introduced bending anisotropy in physiological conditions. Together with the suitable microstructure and promising mechanical properties, the design is reckoned to be a potential tissue engineering heart valve candidate.

Zhaoying Ma ... Jan T. Czernuszka

Published: August 29, 2024 Explor BioMat-X. 2024;1:215–230
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ebmx.2024.00016
This article belongs to the special issue Bioinspired Material for Regenerative Medicine

Full Text

PDF

View:1611

Download:115

Times Cited: 0

Aim:

This study aims to fabricate and characterise a novel tri-layer scaffold based on type I atelocollagen, hyaluronic acid (HA), and a novel fibrillar elastin gel, mimicking the native heart valve leaflets in structure, composition, and mechanical properties, among which, the bending anisotropic behaviour in both the with curvature (WC) and the against curvature (AC) directions, is the most desired. The use of atelocollagen is of significant importance in highlighting the non-antigenic potential of the design.

Methods:

Porous scaffolds were freeze-dried, then crosslinked using 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC) and N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS). The fibrillogenesis occurrence and the scaffold microstructure were imaged using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FITR) investigated the effect of fabrication and crosslinking on the backbone structure. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) characterised the compressive and bending properties of the scaffolds in hydrated and non-hydrated states. Three-point bending and a “self-deflection” test were performed on tri-layer scaffolds in both WC and AC directions.

Results:

Atelocollagen-based scaffolds were successfully produced, rendering this study the first to report a tri-layer structure using atelocollagen, HA, and elastin fibrillar gel. The scaffolds’ porosity was tailored to accommodate potential future biological studies and the transition between layers appeared seamless. FITR unveiled effective crosslinking and the backbone structure preservation. The scaffolds exhibited lightly crosslinked polymer resembling mechanical responses when non-hydrated, and the desired J-curve stress-strain response was observed when hydrated. The tri-layer scaffolds showed anisotropic bending behaviour with a bending modulus of 5.41 ± 1.14 kPa (WC) and 7.98 ± 2.22 kPa (AC).

Conclusions:

The tri-layer scaffolds fabricated resemble the native aortic valve leaflets in structure and composition, and successfully introduced bending anisotropy in physiological conditions. Together with the suitable microstructure and promising mechanical properties, the design is reckoned to be a potential tissue engineering heart valve candidate.

Open Access

Original Article

Gum Arabic-assisted green synthesis of gold nanoparticles as fluorescence modulator for potential analytical applications
Aim: To demonstrate a simple, eco-friendly, and cost-effective green method to synthesize gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using the aqueous extract of gum Arabic (GA) as a reducing and stabilizing age [...] Read more.

Aim:

To demonstrate a simple, eco-friendly, and cost-effective green method to synthesize gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using the aqueous extract of gum Arabic (GA) as a reducing and stabilizing agent.

Methods:

Green synthesis of nanoparticles, characterization by absorption, infra-red and fluorescence spectroscopy.

Results:

The absorption spectrum (UV-Vis) showed an absorption peak ~522 nm corresponding to the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) absorption peak of AuNPs. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images revealed spherical-shaped nanoparticles with an average size of 15 nm. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis showed that the nanoparticles are coated with organic compounds that are present in GA. The fluorescence quenching properties of the AuNPs were assessed by monitoring their effects on fluorescence intensity of coumarin 153 (C153) dye. The fluorescence of the dye decreased with an increase in concentration of the nanoparticles. Upon addition of the protein bovine serum albumin (BSA) to the mixture the fluorescence increased (recovery) again.

Conclusions:

The fluorescence quenching and recovery (turn-on/off system) is a valuable method for protein detection in solution. By observing the effect of BSA on the quenched fluorescence, this nanoparticle system shows promise in biomedicine, drug delivery and environmental monitoring.

Ahmed T. Algahiny ... Fryad Z. Henari

Published: July 28, 2024 Explor BioMat-X. 2024;1:190–201
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ebmx.2024.00014
This article belongs to the special issue Green Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications

Full Text

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View:1935

Download:112

Times Cited: 1

Aim:

To demonstrate a simple, eco-friendly, and cost-effective green method to synthesize gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using the aqueous extract of gum Arabic (GA) as a reducing and stabilizing agent.

Methods:

Green synthesis of nanoparticles, characterization by absorption, infra-red and fluorescence spectroscopy.

Results:

The absorption spectrum (UV-Vis) showed an absorption peak ~522 nm corresponding to the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) absorption peak of AuNPs. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images revealed spherical-shaped nanoparticles with an average size of 15 nm. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis showed that the nanoparticles are coated with organic compounds that are present in GA. The fluorescence quenching properties of the AuNPs were assessed by monitoring their effects on fluorescence intensity of coumarin 153 (C153) dye. The fluorescence of the dye decreased with an increase in concentration of the nanoparticles. Upon addition of the protein bovine serum albumin (BSA) to the mixture the fluorescence increased (recovery) again.

Conclusions:

The fluorescence quenching and recovery (turn-on/off system) is a valuable method for protein detection in solution. By observing the effect of BSA on the quenched fluorescence, this nanoparticle system shows promise in biomedicine, drug delivery and environmental monitoring.

Open Access

Review

Advancements in surface modification strategies of vascular grafts to improve biocompatibility and tissue integration
Improving the performance of blood-contacting medical implants is a global health necessity aimed at reducing mortality and morbidity in patients with cardiovascular diseases. Surface modification o [...] Read more.

Improving the performance of blood-contacting medical implants is a global health necessity aimed at reducing mortality and morbidity in patients with cardiovascular diseases. Surface modification of the biomaterials from which the vascular grafts are constructed has been used to reduce the risk of complications such as thrombosis and infection. Herein with a focus on vascular tissue engineering, we provided an overview of (a) fundamental hemodynamic considerations for blood-contacting biomaterials, (b) surface modification strategies to attenuate nonspecific adhesion of proteins, improve hemocompatibility, and induce the formation of a confluent endothelial lining, and (c) the guidelines for the clinical development of surface modified biomaterials.

Noor Abu Jarad ... Tohid F. Didar

Published: September 13, 2024 Explor BioMat-X. 2024;1:241–265
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ebmx.2024.00018

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Times Cited: 0

Improving the performance of blood-contacting medical implants is a global health necessity aimed at reducing mortality and morbidity in patients with cardiovascular diseases. Surface modification of the biomaterials from which the vascular grafts are constructed has been used to reduce the risk of complications such as thrombosis and infection. Herein with a focus on vascular tissue engineering, we provided an overview of (a) fundamental hemodynamic considerations for blood-contacting biomaterials, (b) surface modification strategies to attenuate nonspecific adhesion of proteins, improve hemocompatibility, and induce the formation of a confluent endothelial lining, and (c) the guidelines for the clinical development of surface modified biomaterials.

Open Access

Editorial

Exploration of biomaterials: a multidisciplinary venture

Maryam Tabrizian

Published: January 01, 2024 Explor BioMat-X. 2024;1:1–4
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ebmx.2023.00001

Full Text

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View:1872

Download:102

Times Cited: 1

Archives Current Issue

Open Access

Commentary

Navigating regulatory challenges in molecularly tailored nanomedicine
Nanomedicine, a convergence of nanotechnology and medical sciences, has unleashed transformative potential in healthcare. However, harnessing the benefits of nanomedicine requires a thorough underst [...] Read more.

Nanomedicine, a convergence of nanotechnology and medical sciences, has unleashed transformative potential in healthcare. However, harnessing the benefits of nanomedicine requires a thorough understanding of its regulatory landscape. An in-depth discussion of regulatory considerations, including molecular safety assessment, harmonization of the regulatory landscape, and shaping the future of innovation, is presented in this discourse. The molecular safety assessment entails evaluating interactions between nanoparticles and biomolecules, ensuring compatibility at the molecular level. Harmonization involves developing international standards and guidelines for a consistent regulatory approach, while shaping innovations emphasizes integrating molecular safety assessments into early stages of development. Challenges encompass the need for standardized assessment methods, balancing innovation with safety, and addressing unique features of novel molecular designs. As the nanomedicine landscape evolves, effective regulatory strategies must navigate the intricate interplay of molecules and technologies, ensuring both patient access and product safety.

Ajay Vikram Singh ... Paolo Zamboni

Published: April 25, 2024 Explor BioMat-X. 2024;1:124–134
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ebmx.2024.00009

Full Text

PDF

View:2017

Download:190

Times Cited: 11

Nanomedicine, a convergence of nanotechnology and medical sciences, has unleashed transformative potential in healthcare. However, harnessing the benefits of nanomedicine requires a thorough understanding of its regulatory landscape. An in-depth discussion of regulatory considerations, including molecular safety assessment, harmonization of the regulatory landscape, and shaping the future of innovation, is presented in this discourse. The molecular safety assessment entails evaluating interactions between nanoparticles and biomolecules, ensuring compatibility at the molecular level. Harmonization involves developing international standards and guidelines for a consistent regulatory approach, while shaping innovations emphasizes integrating molecular safety assessments into early stages of development. Challenges encompass the need for standardized assessment methods, balancing innovation with safety, and addressing unique features of novel molecular designs. As the nanomedicine landscape evolves, effective regulatory strategies must navigate the intricate interplay of molecules and technologies, ensuring both patient access and product safety.

Open Access

Editorial

Exploration of biomaterials: a multidisciplinary venture

Maryam Tabrizian

Published: January 01, 2024 Explor BioMat-X. 2024;1:1–4
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ebmx.2023.00001

Full Text

PDF

View:1872

Download:102

Times Cited: 1

Open Access

Original Article

Fabrication and characterization of pHEMA hydrogel conduit containing GelMA-HaMA IPN for peripheral nerve regeneration
Aim: Small defects after any injury to the periperal nerves results in self-regeneration. However, for larger defects, suturing or grafting are necessary, which may have limitations. Thus, resear [...] Read more.

Aim:

Small defects after any injury to the periperal nerves results in self-regeneration. However, for larger defects, suturing or grafting are necessary, which may have limitations. Thus, research on nerve guidence conduits is needed without drawbacks. The aim of the study was to develop hydrogel-based conduits containing interpenetrating network (IPN).

Methods:

Methacrylated gelatin (GelMA)-methacrylated hyaluronic acid (HaMA) IPN was filled the poly(2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate) (pHEMA) the outer conduit. Schwann cells (SCs) were used on the pHEMA and the distal end of the tube was injected with netrin-1 to support model SH-SY5Y cells.

Results:

¹H-nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H-NMR) showed that methacrylation degrees were 94% ± 2% for GelMA and 60% ± 7% for HaMA. The fraction of HaMA increased the degradation rate; pure HaMA degraded in 3 weeks, while pure GelMA in more than 5 weeks. An increase in the fraction of 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate (HEMA) from 20% to 56% decreased the porosity and the pore size, significantly. SH-SY5Y cells migrated along the conduit in the presence of netrin-1. NeuN expression was increased in 2 weeks indicating neuronal activity.

Conclusions:

SH-SY5Y cells produced neurites in the IPN. pHEMA conduit including GelMA-HaMA IPN is a good candidate for peripheral nerve regeneration applications. As future studies, the conduit will be tested in vivo for nerve regeneration.

Damla Arslantunali Sahin ... Vasif Hasirci

Published: February 26, 2024 Explor BioMat-X. 2024;1:34–57
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ebmx.2024.00005
This article belongs to the special issue Nature-Based Biomaterials for Biomedical Applications

Full Text

PDF

View:2201

Download:122

Times Cited: 1

Aim:

Small defects after any injury to the periperal nerves results in self-regeneration. However, for larger defects, suturing or grafting are necessary, which may have limitations. Thus, research on nerve guidence conduits is needed without drawbacks. The aim of the study was to develop hydrogel-based conduits containing interpenetrating network (IPN).

Methods:

Methacrylated gelatin (GelMA)-methacrylated hyaluronic acid (HaMA) IPN was filled the poly(2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate) (pHEMA) the outer conduit. Schwann cells (SCs) were used on the pHEMA and the distal end of the tube was injected with netrin-1 to support model SH-SY5Y cells.

Results:

¹H-nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H-NMR) showed that methacrylation degrees were 94% ± 2% for GelMA and 60% ± 7% for HaMA. The fraction of HaMA increased the degradation rate; pure HaMA degraded in 3 weeks, while pure GelMA in more than 5 weeks. An increase in the fraction of 2-hydroxyethylmethacrylate (HEMA) from 20% to 56% decreased the porosity and the pore size, significantly. SH-SY5Y cells migrated along the conduit in the presence of netrin-1. NeuN expression was increased in 2 weeks indicating neuronal activity.

Conclusions:

SH-SY5Y cells produced neurites in the IPN. pHEMA conduit including GelMA-HaMA IPN is a good candidate for peripheral nerve regeneration applications. As future studies, the conduit will be tested in vivo for nerve regeneration.

Open Access

Original Article

A biomimetic approach to modulating the sustained release of fibroblast growth factor 2 from fibrin microthread scaffolds
Aim: The pleiotropic effect of fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) on promoting myogenesis, angiogenesis, and innervation makes it an ideal growth factor for treating volumetric muscle loss (VML) i [...] Read more.

Aim:

The pleiotropic effect of fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) on promoting myogenesis, angiogenesis, and innervation makes it an ideal growth factor for treating volumetric muscle loss (VML) injuries. While an initial delivery of FGF2 has demonstrated enhanced regenerative potential, the sustained delivery of FGF2 from scaffolds with robust structural properties as well as biophysical and biochemical signaling cues has yet to be explored for treating VML. The goal of this study is to develop an instructive fibrin microthread scaffold with intrinsic topographic alignment cues as well as regenerative signaling cues and a physiologically relevant, sustained release of FGF2 to direct myogenesis and ultimately enhance functional muscle regeneration.

Methods:

Heparin was passively adsorbed or carbodiimide-conjugated to microthreads, creating a biomimetic binding strategy, mimicking FGF2 sequestration in the extracellular matrix (ECM). It was also evaluated whether FGF2 incorporated into fibrin microthreads would yield sustained release. It was hypothesized that heparin-conjugated and co-incorporated (co-inc) fibrin microthreads would facilitate sustained release of FGF2 from the scaffold and enhance in vitro myoblast proliferation and outgrowth.

Results:

Toluidine blue staining and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed that carbodiimide-conjugated heparin bound to fibrin microthreads in a dose-dependent manner. Release kinetics revealed that heparin-conjugated fibrin microthreads exhibited sustained release of FGF2 over a period of one week. An in vitro assay demonstrated that FGF2 released from microthreads remained bioactive, stimulating myoblast proliferation over four days. Finally, a cellular outgrowth assay suggests that FGF2 promotes increased outgrowth onto microthreads.

Conclusions:

It was anticipated that the combined effects of fibrin microthread structural properties, topographic alignment cues, and FGF2 release profiles will facilitate the fabrication of a biomimetic scaffold that enhances the regeneration of functional muscle tissue for the treatment of VML injuries.

Meagan E. Carnes ... George D. Pins

Published: April 23, 2024 Explor BioMat-X. 2024;1:58–83
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ebmx.2024.00006

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View:1320

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Times Cited: 1

Aim:

The pleiotropic effect of fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) on promoting myogenesis, angiogenesis, and innervation makes it an ideal growth factor for treating volumetric muscle loss (VML) injuries. While an initial delivery of FGF2 has demonstrated enhanced regenerative potential, the sustained delivery of FGF2 from scaffolds with robust structural properties as well as biophysical and biochemical signaling cues has yet to be explored for treating VML. The goal of this study is to develop an instructive fibrin microthread scaffold with intrinsic topographic alignment cues as well as regenerative signaling cues and a physiologically relevant, sustained release of FGF2 to direct myogenesis and ultimately enhance functional muscle regeneration.

Methods:

Heparin was passively adsorbed or carbodiimide-conjugated to microthreads, creating a biomimetic binding strategy, mimicking FGF2 sequestration in the extracellular matrix (ECM). It was also evaluated whether FGF2 incorporated into fibrin microthreads would yield sustained release. It was hypothesized that heparin-conjugated and co-incorporated (co-inc) fibrin microthreads would facilitate sustained release of FGF2 from the scaffold and enhance in vitro myoblast proliferation and outgrowth.

Results:

Toluidine blue staining and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed that carbodiimide-conjugated heparin bound to fibrin microthreads in a dose-dependent manner. Release kinetics revealed that heparin-conjugated fibrin microthreads exhibited sustained release of FGF2 over a period of one week. An in vitro assay demonstrated that FGF2 released from microthreads remained bioactive, stimulating myoblast proliferation over four days. Finally, a cellular outgrowth assay suggests that FGF2 promotes increased outgrowth onto microthreads.

Conclusions:

It was anticipated that the combined effects of fibrin microthread structural properties, topographic alignment cues, and FGF2 release profiles will facilitate the fabrication of a biomimetic scaffold that enhances the regeneration of functional muscle tissue for the treatment of VML injuries.

Open Access

Original Article

Gum Arabic-assisted green synthesis of gold nanoparticles as fluorescence modulator for potential analytical applications
Aim: To demonstrate a simple, eco-friendly, and cost-effective green method to synthesize gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using the aqueous extract of gum Arabic (GA) as a reducing and stabilizing age [...] Read more.

Aim:

To demonstrate a simple, eco-friendly, and cost-effective green method to synthesize gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using the aqueous extract of gum Arabic (GA) as a reducing and stabilizing agent.

Methods:

Green synthesis of nanoparticles, characterization by absorption, infra-red and fluorescence spectroscopy.

Results:

The absorption spectrum (UV-Vis) showed an absorption peak ~522 nm corresponding to the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) absorption peak of AuNPs. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images revealed spherical-shaped nanoparticles with an average size of 15 nm. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis showed that the nanoparticles are coated with organic compounds that are present in GA. The fluorescence quenching properties of the AuNPs were assessed by monitoring their effects on fluorescence intensity of coumarin 153 (C153) dye. The fluorescence of the dye decreased with an increase in concentration of the nanoparticles. Upon addition of the protein bovine serum albumin (BSA) to the mixture the fluorescence increased (recovery) again.

Conclusions:

The fluorescence quenching and recovery (turn-on/off system) is a valuable method for protein detection in solution. By observing the effect of BSA on the quenched fluorescence, this nanoparticle system shows promise in biomedicine, drug delivery and environmental monitoring.

Ahmed T. Algahiny ... Fryad Z. Henari

Published: July 28, 2024 Explor BioMat-X. 2024;1:190–201
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ebmx.2024.00014
This article belongs to the special issue Green Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications

Full Text

PDF

View:1935

Download:112

Times Cited: 1

Aim:

To demonstrate a simple, eco-friendly, and cost-effective green method to synthesize gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) using the aqueous extract of gum Arabic (GA) as a reducing and stabilizing agent.

Methods:

Green synthesis of nanoparticles, characterization by absorption, infra-red and fluorescence spectroscopy.

Results:

The absorption spectrum (UV-Vis) showed an absorption peak ~522 nm corresponding to the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) absorption peak of AuNPs. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images revealed spherical-shaped nanoparticles with an average size of 15 nm. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis showed that the nanoparticles are coated with organic compounds that are present in GA. The fluorescence quenching properties of the AuNPs were assessed by monitoring their effects on fluorescence intensity of coumarin 153 (C153) dye. The fluorescence of the dye decreased with an increase in concentration of the nanoparticles. Upon addition of the protein bovine serum albumin (BSA) to the mixture the fluorescence increased (recovery) again.

Conclusions:

The fluorescence quenching and recovery (turn-on/off system) is a valuable method for protein detection in solution. By observing the effect of BSA on the quenched fluorescence, this nanoparticle system shows promise in biomedicine, drug delivery and environmental monitoring.

Open Access

Original Article

Digital analysis of internal fit variation of additively manufactured crown patterns
Aim: The purpose of this study was to digitally quantify the consistency and variation of printed resin crown patterns produced by different 3D printers, aiming to evaluate their clinical relevan [...] Read more.

Aim:

The purpose of this study was to digitally quantify the consistency and variation of printed resin crown patterns produced by different 3D printers, aiming to evaluate their clinical relevance and accuracy. This was accomplished by evaluating patterns manufactured using three different 3D printers and resin materials, assessing their fit and adaptation through digital scanning and analysis. The objective was to determine the internal and marginal variations of printed crown resin patterns and to identify the printer and material combinations that produce the most consistent and clinically acceptable results.

Methods:

A prefabricated typodont tooth was prepared for a crown and scanned using an intraoral scanner. From this scan, a crown was designed and the resulting STL file was exported. This 3D file was manufactured using resins indicated for castable patterns on 3 different printers: FotoDent^®Cast with the Carbon M2 printer, Form 3 Castable with the Form 2 printer, and Siraya Tech Cast with the ELEGOO Mars 2 Pro 3D printer. Finally, the crown resin patterns were scanned using an intraoral digital scanner (3Shape TRIOS 3) scanner, and crown adaptation was digitally quantified in GeoMagic software. Clinically relevant significance was determined (marginal gap < 50 µm) between resin patterns printed on different printers.

Results:

Form 3 Castable/Form 2 printer had the lowest mean internal variation at all measurement areas, 21.07 μm at the occlusal, 104.23 μm at the margin, and 37.98 μm at the axial. FotoDent^® Cast/Carbon M2 had the largest marginal variation while Siraya Tech Cast/ELEGOO Mars 2 Pro had the largest occlusal variation. Within each material, the largest internal variation was at the marginal area while the lowest value was in the occlusal area.

Conclusions:

All printed crowns displayed clinically acceptable ranges, but there was a statistically significant difference in the fit between all printers.

Wendy A. Clark ... Ingeborg J. De Kok

Published: October 14, 2024 Explor BioMat-X. 2024;1:280–288
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ebmx.2024.00020
This article belongs to the special issue Innovations in Biomaterials for Dentistry and Oral Surgery

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Aim:

The purpose of this study was to digitally quantify the consistency and variation of printed resin crown patterns produced by different 3D printers, aiming to evaluate their clinical relevance and accuracy. This was accomplished by evaluating patterns manufactured using three different 3D printers and resin materials, assessing their fit and adaptation through digital scanning and analysis. The objective was to determine the internal and marginal variations of printed crown resin patterns and to identify the printer and material combinations that produce the most consistent and clinically acceptable results.

Methods:

A prefabricated typodont tooth was prepared for a crown and scanned using an intraoral scanner. From this scan, a crown was designed and the resulting STL file was exported. This 3D file was manufactured using resins indicated for castable patterns on 3 different printers: FotoDent^®Cast with the Carbon M2 printer, Form 3 Castable with the Form 2 printer, and Siraya Tech Cast with the ELEGOO Mars 2 Pro 3D printer. Finally, the crown resin patterns were scanned using an intraoral digital scanner (3Shape TRIOS 3) scanner, and crown adaptation was digitally quantified in GeoMagic software. Clinically relevant significance was determined (marginal gap < 50 µm) between resin patterns printed on different printers.

Results:

Form 3 Castable/Form 2 printer had the lowest mean internal variation at all measurement areas, 21.07 μm at the occlusal, 104.23 μm at the margin, and 37.98 μm at the axial. FotoDent^® Cast/Carbon M2 had the largest marginal variation while Siraya Tech Cast/ELEGOO Mars 2 Pro had the largest occlusal variation. Within each material, the largest internal variation was at the marginal area while the lowest value was in the occlusal area.

Conclusions:

All printed crowns displayed clinically acceptable ranges, but there was a statistically significant difference in the fit between all printers.

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From the Editor-in-Chief

I am very proud to announce launching Exploration of BioMat-X an open access journal Published by Open Exploration Publisher in the field of biomaterials. With a global vision of democratization of science and innovating in publishing high-quality research for global health, the aim is to attract renowned researcher from all horizons, nationalities, and cultures and allow them to disseminate the best of their research related to the biomaterials for free of charge. Exploration of BioMat-X is a multifaceted and multidisciplinary journal for a wide readership who are interested in various aspects of research in biomaterials. With this mind, the authors will be invited to self-criticizing their research and include the limitations of their study in their article. A rigorous peer-review process involving an international Editorial Board has been established to ensure that the high-quality requirement for publication in Exploration of BioMat-X will be met.
Maryam Tabrizian
Editor-in-Chief of Exploration of BioMat-X
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