Exploration of Immunology

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Macrophages in the pathogenesis of monogenic muscular dystrophies: inflammation, fibrosis, and therapeutic implications

Monogenic muscular dystrophies (MDs), such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD), are characterized by chronic inflammation, progressive fibrosis, and impair

Published: April 16, 2025 Explor Immunol. 2025;5:1003192

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2025.1003192

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Diets for inflammatory bowel disease: impact on microbiome and immunomodulatory microbial metabolites

Diet plays a complex role in the management of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), significantly influencing the microbiome and metabolome. Three key metabolites implicated in IBD are short chain fatt

Published: April 08, 2025 Explor Immunol. 2025;5:1003191

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2025.1003191

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308 13 0

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Neoantigen vaccines: advancing personalized cancer immunotherapy

Neoantigen vaccines are a promising strategy in cancer immunotherapy that leverage tumor-specific mutations to elicit targeted immune responses. Although they have considerable potential, developmen

Published: April 08, 2025 Explor Immunol. 2025;5:1003190

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2025.1003190

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772 12 0

Open Access Original Article

Predominant pro-inflammatory environment in mid-gestation pregnant women with history of recurrent pregnancy loss: a South Indian study

Aim: To assess circulating levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) in mid-gestation pregnant women from South India, with (RPL) and without his

Published: April 08, 2025 Explor Immunol. 2025;5:1003189

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2025.1003189

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186 8 0

Open Access Case Report

Erythema multiforme: distinguishing hypersensitivity reactions, drug allergy, or herpes simplex infection

Cutaneous reactions present a diagnostic challenge, mainly when multiple factors, such as infections, medications, and environmental triggers, contribute to the clinical picture. Erythema multiforme

Published: March 20, 2025 Explor Immunol. 2025;5:1003188

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2025.1003188

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Role of ZEB1 in immune response, inflammation and membrane remodeling during neoplasia

Immune response, inflammation, and lipid metabolism have important effects on cancer development and progression. Several proteins in tumoral cells and/or tumor microenvironment are involved in any

Published: March 20, 2025 Explor Immunol. 2025;5:1003187

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2025.1003187

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COVID-19 vaccine and immune response

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2; βCoV), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), causes severe lower respiratory tract infections and acute

Published: December 31, 2021 Explor Immunol. 2021;1:341–355

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2021.00023

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Exploring the possible link between the spike protein immunoglobulin G4 antibodies and cancer progression

Repeated inoculation with messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines elicits immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4) antibody production. Such an increase in the concentration of specific and non-specific IgG4 antibodies allow

Published: April 25, 2024 Explor Immunol. 2024;4:267–284

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2024.00140

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Rheumatoid arthritis: a complex tale of autoimmune hypersensitivity

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a complex autoimmune disorder characterized by a spectrum of hypersensitivity reactions, encompassing Type II, Type III, and Type IV responses. Firstly, RA is marked by

Published: June 20, 2024 Explor Immunol. 2024;4:358–375

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2024.00146

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Immune responses induced by different vaccine platforms against coronavirus disease-19

There have been significant developments in the design of nanostructured scaffolds for eliciting robust immune responses named vaccine. The technique is to produce strong immune responses is to mani

Published: October 31, 2021 Explor Immunol. 2021;1:243–257

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2021.00016

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8063 168 8

Open Access Review

The role of interleukin-24 in atopic dermatitis

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is characterized by skin barrier disruption, type 2 immune dysregulation, chronic pruritus, and abnormal colonization by Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Tapinarof, an aryl

Published: April 30, 2021 Explor Immunol. 2021;1:4–15

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2021.00002

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The influence of reproductive hormones on systemic lupus erythematosus

Humans are afflicted by a wide spectrum of autoimmune disorders, ranging from those affecting just one or a few organs to those associated with more systemic effects. In most instances, the etiology

Published: June 07, 2022 Explor Immunol. 2022;2:351–362

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2022.00055

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Exploring the possible link between the spike protein immunoglobulin G4 antibodies and cancer progression

Published: April 25, 2024 Explor Immunol. 2024;4:267–284

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2024.00140

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24023 494 2

Open Access Review

Chemokines and nanomaterials: interaction for useful immune-applications

Chemokines are homeostatic or inflammatory small proteins regulating immune cell migration and are structurally characterized by cysteine disulfide bridges. Around 50 human chemokines binding almost

Published: August 31, 2022 Explor Immunol. 2022;2:637–647

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2022.00073

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Open Access Review

Immunology of biodegradable nanoparticles: a brief overview on a wide growing field

Immunity is continuously evolving by evolutionary mechanisms shaped by pathogenic stimuli of different kinds. Man-made nanomaterials (NMs) have been developed in the last decades and represent a nov

Published: April 30, 2021 Explor Immunol. 2021;1:48–60

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2021.00006

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Open Access Review

The role of interleukin-24 in atopic dermatitis

Published: April 30, 2021 Explor Immunol. 2021;1:4–15

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2021.00002

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7830 252 0

Open Access Review

Crosstalk between keratinocytes and immune cells in inflammatory skin diseases

Cutaneous homeostasis is maintained by dynamic cellular communications between different cell types in the skin through interactions with various mediators, including cytokines, chemokines and antim

Published: December 31, 2021 Explor Immunol. 2021;1:418–431

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2021.00028

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Open Access Review

Interleukin-22 and keratinocytes; pathogenic implications in skin inflammation

Interleukin (IL)-22 is produced from immune cells such as T helper (Th)22 cells, Th17/22 cells, and group 3 innate lymphoid cells. IL-22 signals via the IL-22 receptor 1 (IL-22R1) and the IL-10 rece

Published: April 30, 2021 Explor Immunol. 2021;1:37–47

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2021.00005

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Allogeneic gamma delta T cells as adoptive cellular therapy for hematologic malignancies

Cancer immunotherapy, especially T-cell driven targeting, has significantly evolved and improved over the past decade, paving the way to treat previously refractory cancers. Hematologic malignancies

Published: June 07, 2022 Explor Immunol. 2022;2:334–350

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2022.00054

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Open Access Review

Crosstalk between keratinocytes and immune cells in inflammatory skin diseases

Cutaneous homeostasis is maintained by dynamic cellular communications between different cell types in the skin through interactions with various mediators, including cytokines, chemokines and antim

Published: December 31, 2021 Explor Immunol. 2021;1:418–431

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2021.00028

Full Text PDF

5633 217 16

Open Access Review

High avidity of vaccine-induced immunoglobulin G against SARS-CoV-2: potential relevance for protective humoral immunity

Avidity of immunoglobulin G (IgG) is defined as its binding strength to its target antigen. As a consequence of affinity maturation of the IgG response, avidity is maturing as well. Therefore, acute

Published: March 16, 2022 Explor Immunol. 2022;2:133–156

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2022.00040

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Open Access Review

Interplay between mesenchymal stromal cells and immune system: clinical applications in immune-related diseases

Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are a mesodermal stem cell population, with known self-renewal and multilineage differentiation properties. In the last century, MSCs have been widely used in regene

Published: June 30, 2021 Explor Immunol. 2021;1:112–139

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2021.00010

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Open Access Review

Immune responses induced by different vaccine platforms against coronavirus disease-19

There have been significant developments in the design of nanostructured scaffolds for eliciting robust immune responses named vaccine. The technique is to produce strong immune responses is to mani

Published: October 31, 2021 Explor Immunol. 2021;1:243–257

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2021.00016

Full Text PDF

8063 168 8

Open Access Review

Immunology of biodegradable nanoparticles: a brief overview on a wide growing field

Immunity is continuously evolving by evolutionary mechanisms shaped by pathogenic stimuli of different kinds. Man-made nanomaterials (NMs) have been developed in the last decades and represent a nov

Published: April 30, 2021 Explor Immunol. 2021;1:48–60

DOI: https://doi.org/10.37349/ei.2021.00006

Full Text PDF

5688 303 7

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