Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a major type of dementia and neurodegenerative disease, characterized by memory loss and cognitive decline. Over decades, significant efforts have been dedicated to fin

Brain development, a complex process, consisting of several phases, starting as early as two weeks after conception, and continuing through childhood till early adolescence, is crucial for the devel

All living organisms exhibit circadian rhythms. Humans show circadian rhythm of the different physiological functions such as sleep-wake cycle, core body temperature, feeding behavior, metabolic act

As an integral part of human chronobiology, the circadian system plays a crucial role in regulating key biological functions, including sleep and the intricate hormonal rhythms of melatonin (MLT) an

Epilepsy, a prevalent neurological disorder, is characterized by chronic seizures resulting from abnormal electrical activity in the brain. Adequate medical treatment allows roughly 70% of patients

Astrocytomas include a wide range of tumors with unique mutations and varying grades of malignancy. These tumors all originate from the astrocyte, a star-shaped glial cell that plays a major role in

The two mainstays of therapy for refractory epilepsy are medication and surgery. Child behavioral and cognitive aspects of epilepsy can be improved by using a specialized dietary regimen such as the

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a major type of dementia and neurodegenerative disease, characterized by memory loss and cognitive decline. Over decades, significant efforts have been dedicated to fin

Epilepsy, a prevalent neurological disorder, is characterized by chronic seizures resulting from abnormal electrical activity in the brain. Adequate medical treatment allows roughly 70% of patients

All living organisms exhibit circadian rhythms. Humans show circadian rhythm of the different physiological functions such as sleep-wake cycle, core body temperature, feeding behavior, metabolic act

Brain development, a complex process, consisting of several phases, starting as early as two weeks after conception, and continuing through childhood till early adolescence, is crucial for the devel

Exposure to stressful conditions plays a critical role in brain processes, including neural plasticity, synaptic transmission, and cognitive functions. Since memory-related brain regions, the hippocampus (Hip), the amygdala, and the prefrontal cortex, express high glucocorticoid receptors (GRs), these areas are the potential targets of stress hormones. Stress affects memory encoding, consolidation, and retrieval, which may depend on many factors such as the type, duration, the intensity of the stressor or the brain region. Here, this review mainly focused on the mechanisms involved in stress-induced memory impairment. Acute/chronic stress induces structural and functional changes in neurons and glial cells. Dendritic arborization, reduction of dendritic spine density, and alteration in glutamatergic-mediated synaptic transmission via N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) receptors are mechanisms that stress affect long-term memory formation. Exposure to acute or chronic stress could interplay with multiple neurotransmitter signaling, modulating the neuronal circuits involved in memory impairment or state-dependent learning. Stress hormones also modulate the expression of microRNAs in the specific brain regions responsible for stress-induced behaviors. Because of expressing GRs in astrocytes and microglial cells, stress could affect the morphology, structure, and functions of these glial cells in memory-related brain regions. Astrocytes play a crucial role in stress-induced aversive or fear memory formation. Over-activation of the microglial cells enhances the release of inflammatory cytokines, which results in neuronal injury. Stress has a prominent role in cognitive decline to induces memory problems, particularly in older adults. Due to the issue’s importance, here the provided overview attempted to address the question of how stress alters neuronal epigenetic regulators, synaptic transmissions, and glial activity in the brain.

Epilepsy, a prevalent neurological disorder, is characterized by chronic seizures resulting from abnormal electrical activity in the brain. Adequate medical treatment allows roughly 70% of patients

The circadian rhythm is a critical system that governs an organism’s functions in alignment with the light-dark cycle. Melatonin release from the pineal gland plays a crucial role in regulating th

Stroke is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. The advent of mechanical thrombectomy has largely improved patient outcomes. This article reviews the features and outcomes associated with aspi

All living organisms exhibit circadian rhythms. Humans show circadian rhythm of the different physiological functions such as sleep-wake cycle, core body temperature, feeding behavior, metabolic act

Astrocytomas include a wide range of tumors with unique mutations and varying grades of malignancy. These tumors all originate from the astrocyte, a star-shaped glial cell that plays a major role in

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a major type of dementia and neurodegenerative disease, characterized by memory loss and cognitive decline. Over decades, significant efforts have been dedicated to fin