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Open Access Review
Biomarkers in neurodegenerative diseases: a broad overview
Degeneration and dysfunction of neurons in the brain are hallmarks of neurodegenerative diseases. Over the past decades, significant efforts have been devoted to the development and validation of biomarkers for neurodegenerative diseases. The range and diversity of biomarkers for central nervous system (CNS) diseases has continued to expand, encompassing biofluid-based sources such as blood or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), nucleic acids, tissues, and imaging. While imaging and tissue biopsy-based markers are continually being identified and their applications expanding, they do have limitations compared with RNA and protein biomarkers. This review comprehensively summarizes various biomarkers, including microRNA (miRNA), long noncoding RNA (lncRNA), circulating miRNA (cimiRNA), and proteins, in the context of CNS disorders. In addition, the review emphasizes the existing limitations and challenges associated with the use of biomarkers in both clinical practice and research on neurodegenerative diseases. In conclusion, this review provides an insightful overview of the identified biomarkers for neurodegenerative diseases, underscoring the crucial role of biomarker research in combating these debilitating conditions. The article also highlights future challenges related to the implementation of novel biomarkers in clinical practice and trials, thereby contributing to the ongoing efforts to advance the understanding and management of neurodegenerative diseases.
Open Access Review
Pathophysiology of non-motor signs in Parkinson’s disease: some recent updating with brief presentation
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder affecting 1% of the population above sixty years. It is caused by an interaction between genetic and environmental risk factors. Loss of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) is pathologically characterizing the disease and responsible for the cardinal motor symptoms, most notably, bradykinesia, rest tremors, rigidity, and loss of postural reflexes. Non-motor signs such as olfactory deficits, cognitive impairment, sleep behavior disorders, and gastrointestinal disturbances are reflecting disturbances in the non-dopaminergic system. They precede dopaminergic neuronal degenerations by 5–10 years and are considered the main contributors to patients’ disability, particularly after the successful implementation of levodopa (L-dopa) treatment of motor symptoms. The present general review aimed to briefly update non-motor signs and their underlying pathophysiology in PD.
Open Access Review
Striking a balance: PIP2 and PIP3 signaling in neuronal health and disease
Phosphoinositides are membrane phospholipids involved in a variety of cellular processes like growth, development, metabolism, and transport. This review focuses on the maintenance of cellular homeostasis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), and phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP3). The critical balance of these PIPs is crucial for regulation of neuronal form and function. The activity of PIP2 and PIP3 can be regulated through kinases, phosphatases, phospholipases and cholesterol microdomains. PIP2 and PIP3 carry out their functions either indirectly through their effectors activating integral signaling pathways, or through direct regulation of membrane channels, transporters, and cytoskeletal proteins. Any perturbations to the balance between PIP2 and PIP3 signaling result in neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders. This review will discuss the upstream modulators and downstream effectors of the PIP2 and PIP3 signaling, in the context of neuronal health and disease.

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Open Access Review
Therapeutic potential of microRNAs in neurological disorders: mechanisms, biomarkers, and emerging therapeutic strategies
Sourav Pal, Subhajit Mandal
Published: July 14, 2025 Explor Neuroprot Ther. 2025;5:1004111
513 22 0
Open Access Original Article
Higher mortality in stroke patients with active COVID-19 infection
Mostafa Almasi-Dooghaee ... Abdol-Hossein Vahabie
Published: June 22, 2025 Explor Neuroprot Ther. 2025;5:1004109
530 8 0
Open Access Original Article
Passive immunization against amyloid peptide restores pattern separation deficits in early stage of amyloid pathology but not in normal aging
Karin Herbeaux ... Céline Héraud
Published: June 16, 2025 Explor Neuroprot Ther. 2025;5:1004108
512 12 0
Open Access Systematic Review
The effects of high-intensity training on walking speed and endurance in the subacute phase poststroke: a systematic review
Alejandro Ojeda-Manzano ... Alexandra Borstad
Published: May 22, 2025 Explor Neuroprot Ther. 2025;5:1004106
1028 23 0
Open Access Review
Balancing cholesterol in the brain: from synthesis to disposal
Lydia Qian ... Andrew J. Brown
Published: January 05, 2022 Explor Neuroprot Ther. 2022;2:1–27
This article belongs to the special issue Cholesterol Dyshomeostasis in Neurological Diseases
16150 495 14
Open Access Review
Biomarkers in small fiber neuropathy
Amanda C. Y. Chan ... Joy Vijayan
Published: December 30, 2022 Explor Neuroprot Ther. 2022;2:264–283
This article belongs to the special issue The Future of Biomarkers in CNS Diseases
15065 163 2
Open Access Review
Resolving a paradox: antidepressants, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration
Ravi Philip Rajkumar
Published: February 23, 2024 Explor Neuroprot Ther. 2024;4:11–37
14997 120 4
Open Access Review
Pathophysiology of non-motor signs in Parkinson’s disease: some recent updating with brief presentation
Khaled Radad ... Wolf-Dieter Rausch
Published: February 27, 2023 Explor Neuroprot Ther. 2023;3:24–46
14456 310 18
Open Access Case Report
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy—a new hope for Alzheimer’s patients: a case report and literature review
Elizabeta B. Mukaetova-Ladinska ... Qadeer Arshad
Published: December 22, 2023 Explor Neuroprot Ther. 2023;3:457–469
12934 110 1
Open Access Review
Striking a balance: PIP2 and PIP3 signaling in neuronal health and disease
Kamran Tariq, Bryan W. Luikart
Published: October 29, 2021 Explor Neuroprot Ther. 2021;1:86–110
This article belongs to the special issue Cholesterol Dyshomeostasis in Neurological Diseases
11955 352 35
Open Access Perspective
Gut microbiota could modulate the effects of neuro-immune responses and memory traces via the gut-brain-immune axis in schizophrenia
Haruka Sawamura ... Satoru Matsuda
Published: April 24, 2022 Explor Neuroprot Ther. 2022;2:74–86
This article belongs to the special issue Intervention of Neuroimmune Responses
9018 2204 6
Open Access Review
Balancing cholesterol in the brain: from synthesis to disposal
Lydia Qian ... Andrew J. Brown
Published: January 05, 2022 Explor Neuroprot Ther. 2022;2:1–27
This article belongs to the special issue Cholesterol Dyshomeostasis in Neurological Diseases
16150 495 14
Open Access Review
Striking a balance: PIP2 and PIP3 signaling in neuronal health and disease
Kamran Tariq, Bryan W. Luikart
Published: October 29, 2021 Explor Neuroprot Ther. 2021;1:86–110
This article belongs to the special issue Cholesterol Dyshomeostasis in Neurological Diseases
11955 352 35
Open Access Review
Pathophysiology of non-motor signs in Parkinson’s disease: some recent updating with brief presentation
Khaled Radad ... Wolf-Dieter Rausch
Published: February 27, 2023 Explor Neuroprot Ther. 2023;3:24–46
14456 310 18
Open Access Review
Neurological complications during HIV infection
Jose M. Martinez-Navio
Published: August 05, 2021 Explor Neuroprot Ther. 2021;1:19–32
8919 290 1
Open Access Review
Biomarkers in neurodegenerative diseases: a broad overview
Sathish Selvam, Velpandi Ayyavoo
Published: April 16, 2024 Explor Neuroprot Ther. 2024;4:119–147
This article belongs to the special issue The Future of Biomarkers in CNS Diseases
10935 271 14
Open Access Review
Striking a balance: PIP2 and PIP3 signaling in neuronal health and disease
Kamran Tariq, Bryan W. Luikart
Published: October 29, 2021 Explor Neuroprot Ther. 2021;1:86–110
This article belongs to the special issue Cholesterol Dyshomeostasis in Neurological Diseases
11955 352 35
Open Access Review
Blocking cholesterol storage to treat Alzheimer’s disease
Ta Yuan Chang ... James G. Gow
Published: December 30, 2021 Explor Neuroprot Ther. 2021;1:173–184
This article belongs to the special issue Cholesterol Dyshomeostasis in Neurological Diseases
5430 114 19
Open Access Review
Advancing diagnosis and treatment of Niemann-Pick C disease through biomarker discovery
Xuntian Jiang, Daniel S. Ory
Published: December 30, 2021 Explor Neuroprot Ther. 2021;1:146–158
This article belongs to the special issue Cholesterol Dyshomeostasis in Neurological Diseases
4797 104 18
Open Access Review
Pathophysiology of non-motor signs in Parkinson’s disease: some recent updating with brief presentation
Khaled Radad ... Wolf-Dieter Rausch
Published: February 27, 2023 Explor Neuroprot Ther. 2023;3:24–46
14456 310 18
Open Access Review
Subarachnoid hemorrhage: management considerations for COVID-19
Eric J. Panther, Brandon Lucke-Wold
Published: March 02, 2022 Explor Neuroprot Ther. 2022;2:65–73
This article belongs to the special issue Emerging Concepts in Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
6484 68 15
Open Access Review
Balancing cholesterol in the brain: from synthesis to disposal
Lydia Qian ... Andrew J. Brown
Published: January 05, 2022 Explor Neuroprot Ther. 2022;2:1–27
This article belongs to the special issue Cholesterol Dyshomeostasis in Neurological Diseases
16150 495 14

Special Issues

Ongoing Special lssues
Completed Special lssues
Role of Microbiota in Neurological Diseases
Dr. Antonio Ibarra Dr. Andrea Paola Ibarra-García
December 31, 2025
Published Articles: 0
Breakthroughs in Mechanisms and Treatments for Neurodegenerative Diseases
Dr. Rong Ma Dr. Guoku Hu
September 30, 2025
Published Articles: 1
Advances in the Pathogenesis, Diagnosis and Treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Dr. Michele Roccella Dr. Luigi Vetri
September 30, 2025
Published Articles: 3
Interdisciplinary Approach to Therapeutic Strategies of Neuroprotection in Present and Future
Prof. Athanasios K. Petridis
October 05, 2025
Published Articles: 1
GPCR Heteroreceptor Complexes as Key Players in Neuroprotection
Dr. Dasiel O. Borroto Escuela
August 31, 2025
Published Articles: 5
Defending the Brain and the Mind: Exploring Neuroprotective Therapies for Mental Health Disorders
Dr. Masaru Tanaka
September 30, 2025
Published Articles: 2
Neuro-Inflammation as a Target in the Design of Multifunctional Drug Candidates for Neurodegenerative Diseases
Prof. Claudio Viegas Jr. Prof. Arthur Eugen Kümmerle Prof. Vanessa Silva Gontijo
September 30, 2025
Published Articles: 2
Therapeutic Targets for Neuroprotection in Ischemic Stroke
Dr. Silvia Fischer
August 31, 2025
Published Articles: 4
Empower Yourself - Physical Activity as Prevention and Rehabilitation of Neurological and Psychiatric Diseases
Dr. Manuel Zeitelhofer
September 30, 2025
Published Articles: 2
Natural Products in Neurotherapeutic Applications
Prof. Marcello Iriti
September 30, 2025
Published Articles: 2
Role of the Monoaminergic Systems in the Pathogenesis and the Pathophysiology of Parkinson's Disease
Dr. Abdelhamid Benazzouz
August 30, 2025
Published Articles: 3
Parkinson's Disease: Principal Targets and Interventional Mechanisms
Prof. Mahesh Narayan
August 30, 2025
Published Articles: 4

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From First decision to Acceptance: 92 days

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Views: 516,589

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31.58%; 2023

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