Exploration of Immunology

Table 1

Complement inhibitory active ingredients from medicinal plants

Sl No	Medicinal plants	Active ingredients	Actions on complement system	Reference(s)
1	Wedelia chinensis	Wedelosin	Inhibits CP and AP	[146]
2	Persicaria lapathifolia	Kaempferol glycoside and acylated quercetin glycosides	Inhibits CP	[147]
3	Rosemarinus officinalis	Rosmarinic acid	Inhibits CP and AP; binds C3; inhibits C5 convertase	[142, 148, 149]
4	Petasites hybridus	Sesquiterpin ester petasin	Inhibits C5a-induced calcium concentration	[150]
5	Jatropha multifida	Proanthocyanidin	Inhibits CP	[151]
6	Aloe vera	Polysaccharide	Inhibits AP	[152, 153]
7	Jatropha curcas	Curacycline A	Moderately inhibits CP	[154]
8	Centaurium spicatum	Quercetin	Complement inhibition	[155]
9	Piper kadsura	Piperlactam	Inhibits C5a-induced migration	[156]
10	Lithospermum euchromum	Polysaccharide	Inhibits CP and AP	[157]
11	Olea europaea	Apigenin and other flavonoids	Inhibits CP	[158]
12	Crataegus sinaica	Whole extract	Inhibits CP and AP	[159]
13	Angelica acutiloba	Fucans	Inhibits CP and AP	[160]
14	Ascophyllum nodosum	Aqueous leaf extract	Complement inhibition	[161]
15	Trichilia glabra	Sesquiterpenes, quinines, coumarins, and flavonoids	Inhibits of CP than AP	[162]
16	Arnebia euchroma	Crude polysaccharides	Modulation of the complement system	[163]
17	Bupleurum chinense	Crude and acidic polysaccharides	Inhibits of the excessive activation of complement	[164]
18	Houttuynia cordata Thunb	Crude polysaccharides	Inhibits inappropriate activation of the complement system	[165]
19	Juniperus pingiivar	Polysaccharides	Inhibits the activation of complement	[166]
20	Scutellaria baicalensis	Flavonoids-enriched extract	Reduce complement deposition and decrease complement activation	[167]
21	Areca catechu	Areca nut extract	Inhibits the production of complement receptors (CR1, CR3, and CR4)	[168]
22	Curcuma longa	Curcumin	Upregulates the expression of factor H and complement regulatory proteins	[169, 170]
23	Boswellia serrata	β-Boswellic acid	Inhibits CP and AP and upregulation of conversion factor B	[171]
24	Essential oils from Myristica fragrans, Melaleuca quinquenervia, Syzygium aromaticum, Artemisia dracunculus; Coriandrum sativum, Juniperus communis, Melaleuca alternifolia, Zingiber officinale; Rosmarinus officinalis, Laurus nobilis, Cymbopogon martini, Melaleuca cajuputil, and Citrus limon; Thymus zygis, Coridothymus capitatus, and Thymbra capitata	(α/β)-Pinene, α-thujene, camphene, δ-3-carene, myrcene, 1,8-cineole, γ-terpinene, p-cymene, camphor, linalool, bornyl acetate, β-caryophyllene, terpinen-4-ol, α-humulene, α-terpineol, and borneol	Inhibits CP	[172]

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Sl No: serial number; CP: classical pathway; AP: alternative pathway; CR: complement receptor