| Lymphopenia | Decrease in Th cells, cytotoxic cells, memory T cells, Treg cells, B cells, NK cells |
| Neutrophilia | Increased neutrophil: lymphocyte ratio |
| Granulocyte & monocyte abnormalities | Decrease in eosinophils, basophils, monocytes |
| Cytokine release syndrome | Increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines: IL-6, IL-12, IL-18, IL-17, IL-33. IL-1β, TNF-α, IFN-α, IFN-γIncreased production of chemokines: CCL2, CCL3, CCL5, CXCL8, CXCL9, CXCL10 |
| Lymphocyte exhaustion | T cell and NK cell exhaustion |
| Antibody dependent enhancement | Increased viral entry into host cells |