From:  Cytokines and pregnancy complications: modulation for prevention and treatment

Levels of cytokines in unexplained RSM, PE and pre-term delivery (PTD)

LocationIncreased levels (Ref number)Decreased levels (Ref number)
A. RSM
PBMCIL-2 [11, 12]IL-4 [11–13]
IFN-γ [11, 12]IL-5 [11–13]
TNF-α [10–13]IL-10 [10–12]
TNF-β [10]
PlacentaTh2 cells [15]
EndometriumIL-1β [16]IL-4 [16]
TNF-α [16]IL-10 [16]
TNF-β [16]
B. PE
PBMCIL-1β [27]IL-4 [31, 35]
IL-2 [28]IL-5 [32, 35]
IFN-γ [29, 35]IL-10 [33–35]
TNF-α [30, 33]
PlacentaIL-1β [22]IL-10 [26]
IL-2 [23]
IL-18 [24]
IFN-γ [25]
TNF-α [26]
C. PTD
PBMCIL-2 [40]IL-10 [43]
IFN-γ [40]
SeraIL-1β [41, 43]IL-10 [43]
TNF-α [41]
PlacentaIL-12 [46]IL-4 [46]
IFN-γ [26]IL-10 [46]
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PBMC: peripheral blood mononuclear cells