Recommendation of immune-modulating therapeutics according to NIH COVID-19 treatment guidelines as of November 2021 [16] and current status of clinical development according to ClinicalTrials.gov as of December 2021
| Target | Drug | Clinical relevance and level of development |
|---|---|---|
| NFκB inhibition | Recommendation: hospitalized patients require supplemental oxygen, high-flow device or non-invasive ventilation, invasive ventilation, ECMO | |
| IL-1Ra | Clinical trials (phase II/III)Insufficient evidence | |
| IL-1 | Recommendation against, except clinical trials | |
| JAK 1/2 kinaseJAK 1/3 kinase | Recommendation: hospitalized patients require high-flow device or non-invasive ventilation(Not in combination with anti-IL6R/anti-IL-6) | |
| GM-CSF | Clinical trials (phase II)Clinical trials (phase II/III)Insufficient evidence | |
| IL-6 | Recommendation: hospitalized patients require high-flow device or non-invasive ventilation, invasive ventilation, ECMO(Not in combination with JAK inhibition) | |
| IL-4, IL-13 | Clinical trials (phase II) | |
| IL-17 | Clinical trials (phase III) | |
| IL-2 | Clinical trials (phase III) | |
| ICAM-1 | - | - |
| IL-10 | - | - |
| IL-15 | Clinical trials (phase I) | |
| IL-7 | Clinical trials (phase II) | |
| TNF-α | Clinical trials (phase III)Clinical trials (phase II/III) | |
| Complement C3 | Clinical trials (phase I/II)Clinical trials (phase II) | |
| Complement C5 | Clinical trials (phase III)Clinical trials (phase II) | |
| Complement C5a | Clinical trials (phase III)Clinical trials (phase II/III) | |
| VCAM1 | - | - |
Mode of action is classified in: corticoids; antagonists; antibodies; small molecule; agonists. NFκB: nuclear factor kappa B; ECMO: extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; -: no targeting drug, no drug in development, no drug with clinical relevance