Summarizing documented clinical manifestations, gut microbial profiles, and conventional and new microbial-related therapies in proteinopathies
| ND | Hallmarks | Clinical manifestations | Conventional therapies | Gut microbial profile | New microbial-related therapies |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PD | Lewy bodies | Bradykinesia, tremor or postural instabilityConstipation | L-DOPA, dopaminergic agonists, MAO-B inhibitors and COMT inhibitors | Reduction of anti-inflammatory species and greater abundance of pro-inflammatory Enterobacteriaceae [13, 53, 66, 69, 70]SIBO and Helicobacter pylori infection [79, 87, 88] | Probiotic containing Lactobacillus casei Shirota and Bifidobacerium strains [79, 89–91]Regular intake of Bacillus spp. [66, 94, 95]Regular consumption of synbiotics [96]FMT [101, 102] |
| AD | Senile plaques, neurofibrillary tangles | Progressive loss of memory, language and learning capabilities | To increase acetylcholine levelsTo decrease NMDA glutamate receptors activity | Reduction in gut microbiota diversity [123]Differences in Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratio [124]Helicobacter pylori infection [125, 126]Larger proportion of pro-inflammatory Escherichia/ Shigella spp. taxa and lower proportion of anti-inflammatory Eubacterium rectale spp. taxa [127] | Multibiotics [147]Lactobacilli and Bifibodbacterium combinations [148]Probiotic mixture combined with selenium as prebiotic [149]Daily consumption of probiotic-fermented kefir [150]FMT [154] |
| HD | mHTT aggregations | Depression, dementia, motor alterations and GIT dysfunction | Dopamine inhibitors, anti-excitotoxic compounds and antipsychotic drugs | Differences in richness and diversity [173] | Currently under investigation |