Exploration of Neuroprotective Therapy

Data source	Mechanism	Drug(s) implicated
In vitro models	Bacteriostatic effect on Lactobacillus spp.	Escitalopram, mirtazapine [164]
Antimicrobial effect on Bifidobacterium animalis and Bacteroides fragilis	Desipramine, venlafaxine, bupropion, phenelzine, escitalopram [161]
Animal models	Reduction in colony counts of Lactobacillus and Bacteroides in mice	Fluoxetine [163]
Reduction in gut commensals and increase in pathogenic organisms in fish	Fluoxetine [153]
Human studies	Inconsistent effects on gut microbiota, with a possible slight increase in gut dysbiosis	Antidepressants in general [162]

Data source

Mechanism

Drug(s) implicated

In vitro models

Bacteriostatic effect on Lactobacillus spp.

Escitalopram, mirtazapine [164]

Antimicrobial effect on Bifidobacterium animalis and Bacteroides fragilis

Desipramine, venlafaxine, bupropion, phenelzine, escitalopram [161]

Animal models

Reduction in colony counts of Lactobacillus and Bacteroides in mice

Fluoxetine [163]

Reduction in gut commensals and increase in pathogenic organisms in fish

Fluoxetine [153]

Human studies

Inconsistent effects on gut microbiota, with a possible slight increase in gut dysbiosis

Antidepressants in general [162]