Sample characteristics
| Characteristics | Mean (SD) |
|---|---|
| Age, mean (SD) (n = 713) | 49 (12.7) range: 21–85 |
| Length of time since MS onset, mean (SD) (n = 713) | 18 (12) range: 0–59 |
| Gender, n (%) (n = 712) | |
| Female | 597 (84%) |
| Male | 100 (14%) |
| Transgender, non-binary, gender non-conforming, or other | 15 (2%) |
| MS subtype, n (%) (n = 712) | |
| Relapsing remitting MS (RRMS) | 559 (78%) |
| Secondary progressive MS (SPMS) | 87 (12%) |
| Primary progressive MS (PPMS) | 35 (5%) |
| Progressive Relapsing MS (PRMS) | 9 (1%) |
| Unsure | 23 (3%) |
| DMT, n (%) (n = 709) | |
| None | 129 (18%) |
| First line | 272 (38%) |
| Second line | 308 (43%) |
| Count of medication classes that can impact pain, mean (SD) (n = 705) | 1.63 (1.29) range: 0–5 |
| Race/ethnicity, n (%) (n = 471) | |
| White | 415 (88%) |
| Bi-racial or mixed | 24 (5%) |
| Black | 23 (5%) |
| Asian | 4 (< 1%) |
| Latinx | 2 (< 1%) |
| American Indian or Alaska Native | 2 (< 1%) |
| Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander | 1 (< 1%) |
| Smoking status, n (%) (n = 709) | |
| Never smoker | 465 (66%) |
| Former smoker | 198 (28%) |
| Current or social smoker | 46 (6%) |
| Education, n (%) (n = 713) | |
| High school equivalency or below | 36 (5%) |
| Associate degree or some college | 167 (23%) |
| Bachelor’s degree | 259 (36%) |
| Master’s degree or above | 251 (35%) |
| Stressors, mean (SD) (n = 713) | |
| Childhood count | 2.6 (1.96) |
| Childhood severity | 9.8 (8.8) |
| Adult count | 23.6 (14) |
| Adult severity | 55.3 (30.8) |
| Outcome variables (n = 713) | |
| Fatigue, median (IQR), mean (SD) | 58 (52–63), 57 (9) |
| Pain interference, median (IQR), mean (SD) | 54 (41–62), 53 (10.5) |
| Psychiatric morbidity count, mean (SD) | 2.2 (1.7) range: 0–6 |