From:  Multiple sclerosis with comorbidity depression and its association with vitamin D deficiency in a narrative review of the current literature

Relationships of biomarkers to disease activity and effects of VitD/VitD supplementation on disease progression in depression and MS

CriteriaDepressionMS
sNfL (follow-up monitoring of the activity by the drop in serum levels)[45–50, 54][61–64]
sGFAP (lowering in serum values ​​as an indication of improvement in neuronal, axonal, and glial damage)[65, 68][66, 69–71]
HPA-axis/serum cortisol levels[28, 74][31, 32, 73]
VitD deficiency[18, 71, 82–84, 91–96, 164, 165][97–101, 138, 140–143]
Antiinflammatory/proinflammatory cytokines[4, 84, 86, 88, 89][110, 149]
Sealing the BBB[113–118][109–112]
MG[20, 123, 128, 129][98, 121, 127]
Disorders of the gut microbiome, HPA-axis, and microbiome gut-brain-axis[21–23, 150, 151, 153][103, 144, 149]
Pregnancy/postpartum phase[166–174][169]
Return to article view