| Yang et al. [5], 2023 | A total of 47 research articles on adult individuals with epilepsy | Determining the rate of stigma felt by individuals with epilepsy and making comparisons between continents | Overall perceived stigma rate is 48.4% Stigma rates are 51.2% in Africa, 47.2% in Europe, 35.4% in Asia and 28.8% in the Middle East There is no significant difference between continents in stigma rates
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| Baker et al. [55], 2018 | A total of 25 quantitative and 8 qualitative research articles conducted with adult epilepsy patients | Identifying predictors and consequences of stigma in adult individuals with epilepsy | Stigma is related to sociodemographic, clinical and psychosocial factors Cultural differences have an impact on stigma Stigma impairs physical and psychological health Increases anxiety and depression Impairs disease self-management
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| Mayor et al. [7], 2022 | A total of 28 qualitative research articles conducted with adult individuals with epilepsy | Qualitatively synthesizing stigma in adult individuals with epilepsy | Negative perceptions of epilepsy in society result in patients being rejected and discriminated against Internalization of stigma causes negative self-perception and shame Stigma negatively affects daily life and contributes to dependence on others Individuals with epilepsy try to avoid stigmatization by hiding their disease and isolating themselves from society Social support is helpful, but depends on the person receiving support’s perspective on epilepsy
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| Kaddumukasa et al. [36], 2018 | A total of 23 community-based quantitative research articles | Reviewing misconceptions and stigma surrounding epilepsy in sub-Saharan African countries | Misconceptions and cultural beliefs about epilepsy are quite common Very few studies (only two studies) are interventional studies aimed at reducing stigma In order to reduce stigma, attempts should be made urgently to raise public awareness/education
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| Fite and Guta [56], 2021 | A total of 9 quantitative research articles conducted with adult individuals with epilepsy | To determine the prevalence of stigma and related factors in individuals with epilepsy living in Ethiopia | Average stigma prevalence is 44.6% Increased disease duration and seizure frequency are closely related to stigma PwE require medical, social and psychological care
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