Effects of pesticides on health and epigenetics
| Pesticide | Risks to human health | Epigenetics | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type | Reagents | Action | Diseases and health hazards | References | Epigenetic actions | Animal type | References |
| Organochlorine | Carbon tetrachloride Chlordane DDT DDE (metabolite of DDT) Dieldrin Heptachlor Hexachlorocyclohexanemethoxychlor Vinclozoin | Insecticide | Growth Premature birth Abortion Prostate cancer Leukemia PD Thyroid disorders Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis | [28–38] | DNA methylation (methoxychlor, vinclozoin, DDT, and DDE) Histone modification (dieldrin) | In vitro (mesencephalic, dopaminergic neuronal, and cells) Rat Mouse embryo Human | [39–45] |
| Organophosphorus | Acephate Chlorpyrifos Coumaphos Diazinon Dichlorvos Fonofos Parathion Methyl parathion Malathion Phosmet Triazophos | Insecticide | Brain and neurological developmental abnormalities in infants Deintellectualization Increased incidence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder Lung cancer Lymphoma Leukemia Asthma PD Alzheimer’s disease | [46–55] | microRNA expression (dichlorvos and triazophos) | In vitro (porcine kidney and epithelial cells) Zebrafish | [56, 57] |
| Weeding | Carcinogenesis Reproductive dysfunction Endocrine disruption Allergic rhinitis | [58–61] | DNA methylation Histone modification microRNA expression | Japanese medaka (oryzias latipes) In vitro (PBMC and mammalian stem cell) Rats Mouse | [62–67] | ||
| Carbamate | Glyphosate Aldicarb Carbaryl Methiocarb Pirimicarb Mancozeb Maneb Thiocarbamate Propoxur | Weeding | Neurotoxicity Thyroid disease Developmental abnormalities | [68–70] | Histone modifications (propoxur) | In vitro (gastric cells) | [71] |
| Pyrethroids | Cyhalothrin Cypermethrin Deltamethrin Permethrin | Insecticide | Endocrine disruption | [72, 73] | DNA methylation | Human (blood) | [74] |
| Neonicotinoids | Clothianidin Imidacloprid Thiamethoxam | Insecticide | Abnormal neurodevelopment | [75] | Histone modifications | Mouse | [76] |
| Bipyridinium | Paraquat | Weeding | Neurotoxicity PD | [77] | Histone modifications | In vitro [immortalized rat, mesencephalic dopaminergic cells (N27 cells)] | [45, 78] |
DDE: dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene; PBMC: peripheral blood mononuclear cells; PD: Parkinson’s disease