From:  Role of antioxidants as immunity booster in obesity and diabetes: a systematic review on neuro-gliopathies perspective

Studies interlink the antioxidants and neuro-gliopathies in the gut and brain in diabesity

Antioxidants and related substancesCasesActionFunctional roleReferences
Probiotics (Lactobacillus salivarius AP-32 probiotics)6-Hydroxydopamin-induces Parkinson’s diseasesParkinson’s disease associated with gut dysbiosisThe supplementation of L. salivarius AP-32 enhanced directly or indirectly the host enzyme activity[48]
GSHColitisPrevents enteric neuron deathHeterogeneous role of GSH in myenteric plexus of ENS and during GI inflammation[49]
PolyphenolsBrain-neuromodulationGut microbiota composition is altered by the ingestion of natural bioactive molecules such as polyphenolsThe idea strength that maintaining a healthy microbiome by modulating the bioactive molecules in diet is essential for a healthy brain[50]
Bioactive peptidesGut microbiota and neurodegenerative diseasesDysbacteriosis of gut microbiota observed in the etiology of neurodegenerative diseasesThe bioactive compounds modulate the gut microbiota as a novel strategy to control and reduce neurodegenerative diseases[51]
Luteolin (flavonoids)Alzheimer’s diseaseBrain glucose regulation, anti-inflammatory and gut microbiota liver-brain axisThe study shows that the intake of luteolin enhances the brain’s insulin resistance and neuroinflammation[52]
FlavonoidsDiet-induced obesity associated with low-grade gut inflammationGut microbiota changes and intestinal inflammation in obesityThe flavonoids showed a protective effect against obesity associated with low-grade gut inflammation[53]
FlavonoidsInflammatory bowel diseasesFlavonoids protect against IBD by modulating enter-hormones such as glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), GLP-2, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, ghrelin, and cholecystokininFlavonoids showed a protective role against IBD[54]
AnthocyaninNeurodegenerative diseasesThe neurodegenerative diseases through the microbial intestinal-brain axisThe study suggested that the microbial-intestinal-brain axis would be a novel mechanism by the protective effect of anthocyanin in neurodegenerative diseases[55]
Ferulic acid (FA)Neurodegenerative diseasesFA esterases are the critical enzymes of the gut microbiota that facilitate the release of FA from feruloylated sugar ester conjugates and influence systematic healthFA and other antioxidants help to combat the neurodegenerative processes[56]
FlavonoidsNeuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseasesBridging the gut and brainNeuroprotective and neuroinflammation effect of flavonoids on Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and pain[57]
CurcuminParkinson’s diseaseReduces the free radical oxygen production by the total fraction of NADPH-containing associatesMembrane stabilizing and protective effect[58]
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IBD: inflammatory bowel diseases; NADPH: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate hydrogen