Traditional methods for diagnosis and disease progression monitoring with merits and demerits
| Method | Description | Merits | Demerits | Reference(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MRI | Uses strong magnets and radio waves to create detailed images of the brain and tumor. | Non-invasive, high-resolution imaging can distinguish between tumor types. | High cost, requires careful interpretation, and may not show immediate changes. | [23, 24] |
| CT | CT scan combines X-ray images taken from different angles to create cross-sectional brain images. | It is widely available, quicker than MRI, and effective for detecting larger tumors or blood. | A lower resolution than MRI involves radiation exposure and is less effective for soft tissues. | [23, 25] |
| Neurological examination | Clinical evaluation by a healthcare professional to assess cognitive function, reflexes, motor skills, and sensory abilities. | Immediate feedback on neurological function, no imaging required. | Subjective, may not detect small changes in tumor status. | [26] |
| Biopsy (stereotactic) | A minimally invasive procedure to obtain tissue samples from the tumor for histopathological analysis. | Provides a definitive diagnosis and information about the tumor type. | Invasive procedures with associated risks may not represent the entire tumor heterogeneity. | [27, 28] |
| Contrast-enhanced imaging | Use of contrast agents in MRI or CT scans to enhance the visibility of tumor boundaries and blood supply. | It improves differentiation between tumor and normal tissue and highlights tumor vascularity. | Contrast agents can cause allergic reactions or kidney issues in some patients. | [29] |
CT: computed tomography; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging