Fungal species associated with allergic asthma from various routes of sensitization
| Fungal genera | Fungal species | Allergens | Activity | Route of exposure | Type of asthma | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Aspergillus spp. | A. fumigatus A. nidulans A. versicolor A. flavus A. niger A. terreus | Asp f 1 Asp f 3 Asp f 11 Asp f 22 Asp n 14 Asp t 36 | Ribotoxin Peroxisomal membrane protein Protein Enolase | Inhalation | ABPA | [28–31, 52–55] |
| Alternaria spp. | A. alternata | Alt a 4 | Trasporter, disams defense Protein initiation factor Thioredoxin | Inhalation | Bronchial asthma | [17, 32, 55–57] |
| Cladosporium spp. | C. cladosporioides C. herbarum | Clac h8 Clac c14 Clac c9 | Peroxisomal protein Transaldolase Mannitol dehydrogenase | Inhalation | Allergic asthma | [33–35, 55] |
| Malassezia spp. | M. globosa M. furfur M. sympodialis M. restricta M. japonica | MGL_1304 Mala f 2–4 Mala s 1–11 Mala Ex | Unknown Stress responses Protease activity Vesicle trafficking and innate immune activation | Skin contact Inhalation Ingestion | Allergic respiratory disease | [36, 37, 58] |
| Cryptococcus spp. | C. neoformans | Chitin Chitosan | Immune activation CNS invasion | Inhalation | Th2-type asthma | [38, 39, 58] |
| Trichophyton spp. | T. interdigitale T. tonsurans T. mentagrophytes | Trit 1 Trit 4 | Enzymatic activity Sporulation | Skin contact | SAFS | [40, 55] |
Asp f: Aspergillus fumigatus; Asp n: Aspergillus niger; Asp t: Aspergillus terreus; Alt a: Alternaria alternata; Clac h: Cladosporium herbarum; Clac c: Cladosporium cucumerinum; Trit: Trichophyton; CNS: central nervous system; spp.: species
Note. Adapted from “Environment and host-genetic determinants in early development of allergic asthma: contribution of fungi,” by Hadebe S, Brombacher F. Front Immunol. 2019;10:2696 (https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2019.02696). CC-BY.