Exploration of Asthma & Allergy

Table 1. Fungal species associated with allergic asthma from various routes of sensitization

Fungal genera	Fungal species	Allergens	Activity	Route of exposure	Type of asthma	References
Aspergillus spp.	A. fumigatus A. nidulans A. versicolor A. flavus A. niger A. terreus	Asp f 1 Asp f 3 Asp f 11 Asp f 22 Asp n 14 Asp t 36	Ribotoxin Peroxisomal membrane protein Protein Enolase	Inhalation	ABPA	[28–31, 52–55]
Alternaria spp.	A. alternata	Alt a 4	Trasporter, disams defense Protein initiation factor Thioredoxin	Inhalation	Bronchial asthma	[17, 32, 55–57]
Cladosporium spp.	C. cladosporioides C. herbarum	Clac h8 Clac c14 Clac c9	Peroxisomal protein Transaldolase Mannitol dehydrogenase	Inhalation	Allergic asthma	[33–35, 55]
Malassezia spp.	M. globosa M. furfur M. sympodialis M. restricta M. japonica	MGL_1304 Mala f 2–4 Mala s 1–11 Mala Ex	Unknown Stress responses Protease activity Vesicle trafficking and innate immune activation	Skin contact Inhalation Ingestion	Allergic respiratory disease	[36, 37, 58]
Cryptococcus spp.	C. neoformans	Chitin Chitosan	Immune activation CNS invasion	Inhalation	Th2-type asthma	[38, 39, 58]
Trichophyton spp.	T. interdigitale T. tonsurans T. mentagrophytes	Trit 1 Trit 4	Enzymatic activity Sporulation	Skin contact	SAFS	[40, 55]

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Asp f: Aspergillus fumigatus; Asp n: Aspergillus niger; Asp t: Aspergillus terreus; Alt a: Alternaria alternata; Clac h: Cladosporium herbarum; Clac c: Cladosporium cucumerinum; Trit: Trichophyton; CNS: central nervous system; spp.: species

Note. Adapted from “Environment and host-genetic determinants in early development of allergic asthma: contribution of fungi,” by Hadebe S, Brombacher F. Front Immunol. 2019;10:2696 (https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2019.02696). CC-BY.

Declarations

Author contributions

APG: Conceptualization, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. AA: Methodology, Data curation, Software, Investigation. NB: Formal analysis, Visualization. BP: Resources, Data curation.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

All data related to the species of Aspergillus, and their cultures are from the Department of Biotechnology, Shobhit Institute of Engineering & Technology, Deemed-to-be University, Meerut, and the Research and Development Cell of Swami Vivekanand Subharti University, Meerut (India) and are available upon request from the corresponding author (amarprakashgarg@yahoo.com).

Funding

Not applicable.

Copyright

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