From:  Epigenetic mechanisms linking pregnancy complications to cardiovascular disease in offspring
 

Detailed epigenetic mechanisms linking pregnancy complications to CVD in offspring

Epigenetic mechanismPregnancy complicationsKey genes/pathways affectedPotential cardiovascular outcomes in offspringReferences
DNA methylationPreeclampsiaACE, AGTR1, IL-6, PPARHypertension, dyslipidemia, chronic inflammation    [7]
DNA methylationGDMINS, PPARGC1A, ADIPOQMetabolic syndrome, insulin resistance, atherosclerosis    [8]
DNA methylationIUGRVEGF, NOS3, HIF1AIncreased vascular stiffness, hypertension, atherosclerosis    [9]
Histone modificationsPreeclampsiaH3K27me3 (polycomb repressive complex 2), H4K8acAltered gene expression in vascular development, increased risk of hypertension    [10]
Histone modificationsIUGRH3K9me3, H4K20me3Vascular dysfunction increases cardiovascular risk    [11]
Non-coding RNAs (miRNAs)GDMmiR-29, miR-143, miR-155Increased risk of insulin resistance, atherosclerosis, hypertension    [12]
Non-coding RNAs (miRNAs)PreeclampsiamiR-210, miR-126, miR-155Increased cardiovascular risk, endothelial dysfunction    [13]
Chromatin remodelingPreeclampsia, IUGRSMARCA4, CHD4, BRG1Altered gene expression in cardiovascular development, increased risk of CVDs    [14]
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs)GDM, IUGRH19, MEG3, XISTAltered metabolic regulation, increased risk of CVDs    [15]
RNA editingGDM, IUGRADARB1, ADARB2, APOBEC1Altered RNA processing, increased cardiovascular risk    [16]
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GDM: gestational diabetes mellitus; IUGR: intrauterine growth restriction; ACE: angiotensin-converting enzyme; AGTR1: angiotensin II receptor type 1; PPAR: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor; INS: insulin; ADIPOQ: adiponectin; PPARGC1A: peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, coactivator 1 alpha; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor; NOS3: nitric oxide synthase 3, endothelial; HIF1A: hypoxia inducible factor 1 alpha subunit; SMARCA4: SWI/SNF related, matrix associated, actin dependent regulator of chromatin, subfamily a, member 4; CHD4: chromodomain helicase DNA binding protein 4; BRG1: brahma-related gene 1; MEG3: maternally expressed gene 3; XIST: X-inactive specific transcript; ADARB1: adenosine deaminase RNA-specific B1; APOBEC1: apolipoprotein b editing catalytic subunit; CVD: cardiovascular disease