From:  Comparison of short-term and long-term effects of peroral L-carnitine intake: clinical implications of elevated TMAO levels in cardiovascular complications
 

Comparison between long-term and short-term impact of increased TMAO levels

Short-term impactLong-term impact
Enhances endurance performance in athletesElevates fasting plasma TMAO levels
Improvs liver fat utilization and ketogenesisAssociated with a higher risk of ASCVD, Atherosclerosis, AF, and stroke
Higher levels observed in acute MIPotential negative on cardiovascular health. Particularly concerned in older adults with compromised renal function
Associated with reduced ST-segment dispersion in ACSLinked to a higher prevalence of prediabetes and T2DM
Requires careful assessment due to potential adverse effects on cardiovascular health
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MI: myocardial infarction; ACS: acute coronary syndrome; TMAO: trimethylamine-N-oxide; ASCVD: atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; AF: atrial fibrillation; T2DM: type 2 diabetes mellitus