Summary of doses, routes of exposure, and duration for nanomaterials
| Nanomaterial | Dose | Route of exposure | Duration | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cobalt nanoparticles (CoNPs) | 1–100 mg/kg | Intravenous (IV) | Days to several weeks | [22] |
| Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) | 0.1–10 mg/kg | IV or intranasal | Days to weeks | [18, 38] |
| Polymeric nanoparticles (e.g., PLGA) | 10–50 mg/kg | IV or intranasal | Weeks to months | [14, 26] |
| Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) | 0.5–5 mg/kg | IV or oral | Days to several weeks | [4, 5] |
| Antioxidant-loaded nanoparticles (e.g., cerium oxide NPs) | 1–10 mg/kg | IV or intranasal | Several weeks | [3, 39] |
| Phyto-nanoparticles (plant-derived) | 5–20 mg/kg | Oral or IV | Days to weeks | [6] |
| Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) | < 1 mg/kg | Intranasal or IV | Single dose to multiple doses over weeks | [35, 40] |
| Bioactive 2D nanomaterials (e.g., graphene oxide) | 1–5 mg/kg | Intranasal or IV | Several days to months | [7, 32] |
PLGA: poly lactic-co-glycolic acid