Chitosan composites and their research outcomes
| Chitosan composite | Purpose | Scaffold type | Cell type used | In vitro cell response | In vivo response | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chitosan/alginate-Hespiridin | Wound healing | Hydrogels | 3T3 murine fibroblast cell line | Cytocompatible, proliferative effect | Alg/Chit hydrogel—incomplete wound healing; Alg/Chit/10% hesperidin—no sign of inflammation and complete wound healing | [64] |
| Chitin/chitosan/alginate/fucoidan | Functional wound dressing | Hydrogels | Human dermal fibroblast cells (DFCs) and dermal micro-vascular endothelial cells (DMVECs) | Stimulate cellular proliferation | Granulation and capillary formation on day 7 | [65] |
| Chitosan/gelatin hydrogel incorporating PEGMA modified PCL nanofibers/curcumin | Skin regeneration | Hydrogels | L929 mouse fibroblast cells | Biocompatibility, more than 90% cellular viability, higher the PCP, lower the viability | - | [66] |
| Chitosan/agarose | Skin substitute in regenerative medicine | Film | BJ human skin fibroblast cells | Non-cytotoxicity and strong cellular adhesion | - | [67] |
| Chitosan/fibroin/poly (vinyl pyrrolidone) | Enhanced angiogenesis in wound healing | Hydrogels | - | - | Increased wound healing efficiency with increased fibroin content | [68] |
| Polycaprolactone-hyaluronic acid/chitosan-zein | Tissue regeneration | Electrospun nanofiber | NHDF cells | Good cell viability for 7 days, good adhesive & proliferative capacity | - | [69] |
| Chitosan-hyaluronic acid/VEGF loaded fibrin nanoparticles | Enhanced angiogenesis in wounds | Sponges | HDF cells and HUVEC cells | More than 85% cell viability | - | [70] |
| Chitosan hydrogel/nanocapsules/nanoemulsion loaded with phenytoin | Wound healing | Hydrogel | - | - | Higher percent wound healing for the groups treated with allantoin (C+) and phenytoin-loaded nanocarriers on day 4 | [71] |
| Gallic acid/chitosan/hyaluronic (GA-QCS/OHA hydrogels) | Infected wound healing | Hydrogels | L929 mouse fibroblast cells | Better proliferation within 5 days compared to the control group | Accelerated wound healing was obtained due to inhibiting the proinflammatory factor TNF-α and upregulating the vascularization factor CD31 | [72] |
| Dual-dynamic-bond cross-linked ferric iron (Fe)/protocatechualdehyde (PA)/quaternized chitosan (QCS) | For closure of skin incisions and promotion of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)-infected wound healing | Hydrogel | L929 mouse fibroblast cells | Good cytocompatibility | Better incision closure. The activity of QCS and PA, and NIR-assisted ablation, synergistically enhanced the antibacterial capacity of the dressings against MRSA | [73] |
| Quaternized chitosan-graft-polyaniline/oxidized dextran | Tissue engineering applications | Hydrogel | ADMSCs and C2C12 myoblast cells | Enhanced proliferation of C2C12 myoblasts | In Sprague-Dawley rats, in vivo hydrogel formation was confirmed | [74] |
| Quaternized chitosan-g-polyaniline and benzaldehyde group functionalized poly(ethylene glycol)-co-poly(glycerol sebacate) | Full-thickness skin wound healing | Hydrogels | L929 mouse fibroblast cells | - | Excellent hemostatic performance on the hemorrhaging site | [75] |
| Chitosan/xyloglucan composite | Accelerated wound healing | Hydrogels | NIH/3T3 mouse fibroblasts cells | An increase in cell spheroid size and good viability was observed | Displayed continuous degradation in vivo, good wound closure property after 5 days | [76] |
| Fluorinated methacrylamide chitosan (MACF) | Diabetic wound healing | Hydrogels | - | - | Good re-epithelialization with MACF + O2 treatment | [77] |
ADMSCs: adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells; HDF: human dermal fibroblast; HUVECs: human umbilical vein endothelial cells; NHDF: normal human dermal fibroblasts