Chitosan/nanoparticle composites and their research findings
| Chitosan/nanoparticle composite | Drug/molecule loaded | Purpose | In vitro cell response | In vivo response | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chitosan/glycosaminoglycan/AgNP electrospun scaffold | - | Antibacterial scaffolds for better wound healing | Good cell viability; antibacterial property against both E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus | - | [83] |
| Chitosan-L-glutamic acid (CG) derivative/silver nanoparticles | Hyaluronic acid | Antibacterial wound dressings | Non-toxic to L929 cells size of the inhibition zone increased in a concentration-dependent manner average diameters of the zones for composites against E. coli and S. aureus increased from 20.5–33.0 mm and from 15.5–19.5 mm, respectively | Evidence of healing on day 3, with calluses and slight inflammation | [84] |
| Silver nanoparticle-impregnated chitosan-PEG hydrogel | - | Wound healing in diabetes-induced rabbits | The zone of inhibition against E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus subtilis and S. aureus was 20.2 ± 1.0, 21.8 ± 1.5, 15.5 ± 0.8 and 21.5 ± 0.5 mm, respectively | AgNPs incorporated chitosan-PEG hydrogel group was even faster than the healing of wounds with a positive control (32.9 ± 2.1%) | [85] |
| Chitosan-loaded silver nanoparticles | Iturin | Antibacterial and wound care applications | Inhibition zone for both E. coli ATCC25922 and S. aureus ATCC29213 | The wound area gradually decreased from the 7th day after the application of sponge dressing | [86] |
| PEO/chitosan nanofibers/ZnO | Ciprofloxacin | Burn infection management | Better antibacterial activity of Cip loaded nano webs at 1 μg/mL concentration; ciprofloxacin loaded nano webs 82.5% cell viability HDF cells | - | [87] |
| Chitosan/polyethylene glycol/copper film | Naproxen | Anti-infection wound dressing | Cu2+ ions release inhibited biofilm formation; films with 0.1 mM Cu demonstrated better adhesion and proliferation of human skin keratinocytes A341 cell lines | - | [88] |
| Copper nanoparticle/chitosan/gelatin composite scaffold | - | Skin tissue engineering application | Scaffolds with copper concentration of 0.01% showed a higher proliferation rate; no oxidative stress upon DCFDA staining. After 7 days, uniform layer of fibroblast cells over the scaffold’s surface | - | [89] |
| Chitosan-based copper nanocomposite (CCNC) | - | Wound healing | - | Decreased TNF-α production on 3rd, 7th and 11th day; can decrease the inflammatory reaction; enhanced fibroblast proliferation and collagen deposition; promoted intact re-epithelialization in rats | [90] |
| Chitosan/AuNPs composite | - | Antimicrobial wound dressing | Composite was non-toxic to normal human skin cell line BJ-1; maximum inhibition against P. aeruginosa, with inhibition zone diameter of 26 ± 1.8 mm; better antifungal activity against unicellular fungi than multicellular fungi | - | [91] |
| Polyacrylic acid/carboxymethyl chitosan/ultrasmall gold nanoparticles (PAA-CMCS-UsAuNPs) | - | Antibacterial hydrogel | Disorder of the surface charge of bacteria and the damage bacterial membrane; ROS production increased in both S. aureus and E. coli to a level of 200% and 300% after hydrogel exposure | On day 4, hydrogel produced significant regeneration of the epidermis in a full-thickness skin wound model. On day 8, a reduction in inflammatory cells | [92] |
| Castor oil (CO)/chitosan/ZnO NP (CS/ZnO) | - | Antibacterial wound dressings | Biocidal activity increased with increased CS/ZnO content; stronger bactericidal effect on Gram-positive cells S. aureus and Micrococcus luteus; after 24 h, CS/ZnO loadings ≤ 5.0 wt%, with 90–97% cell; slight increase in cell viability after 72 h of incubation | Wound closure after 14 days in full-thickness wounds on the back of Sprague-Dawley rats | [93] |
| Chitosan/CuO-NP | - | Anti-coagulant in wound healing | Cryptococcus neoformans could not grow at 10,000 mg/L concentration of chitosan-NP’s; at 10,000 mg/L, chitosan/CuO nanocomposites inhibited the growth of C. neoformans, B. subtilis, and E. coli; B. subtilis was more sensitive than S. aureus and E. coli; good anticoagulant property | - | [94] |
| Chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol/TiO2 composite membranes | - | Wound regeneration | Better hemocompatibility demonstrated by erythrocyte lysis of 3.52%. In vitro wound closure rate of 92.3% at 48 h in fibroblast HIH3T3 cells | - | [95] |
| Chitosan/TiO2 composite membrane | - | Wound dressing and skin regeneration | Enhanced L929 proliferation and survival, reduced oxidative stress and apoptosis | - | [96] |