Summary of potential sEV-associated protein biomarkers for AD
| AD sEVs protein biomarkers | Expression | References |
|---|---|---|
| Aβ42 | ↑ | [39, 56, 58, 59] |
| P-T181-tau | ↑ | [56, 58] |
| P-S396-tau | ↑ | [39, 56, 58, 59] |
| T-tau | ↑ | [39, 58, 59] |
| β-site APP cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE 1) | ↑ | [39] |
| γ-Secretase | ↑ | [39] |
| sAPPβ | ↑ | [39] |
| sAPPα | ↑ | [39] |
| Glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) | ↓ | [39] |
| NRGN | ↓ | [57, 59] |
| Repressor element 1-silencing transcription factor (REST) | ↓ | [59] |
| GAP43 | ↓ | [57] |
| Synaptotagmin 1 | ↓ | [57] |
| SNAP25 | ↓ | [57] |
↑: the expression of the protein is higher in sEVs collected from samples of AD patients compared to that collected from controls; ↓: the expression of the protein is lower in sEVs collected from samples of AD patients compared to that collected from controls