Top 10 toxic components of TCMs causing DILI
| Herbal medicine | Cases | Hepatotoxic components |
|---|---|---|
| Polygonum multiflorum | 23 | Anthraquinones (emodin, aloe emodin, rhein), gallic acid [16] |
| Pinellia ternata | 12 | Pinellia ternata aqueous extract [17], alkaloids (ephedrine), lectin protein [18] |
| Psoralea corylifolia | 11 | Psoralen and isopsoralen [19] |
| Chinese rhubarb | 11 | Tannin and its components are emodin, aloe emodin, rhein, and emodin methyl ether [20] |
| Salvia miltiorrhiza | 11 | Terpenoids [21] |
| Bupleurum | 8 | Bupleurum water extract, Bupleurum alcohol extract, Bupleurum saponin, and volatile oil components [22] |
| Mentha spicata | 7 | Peppermint volatile oil and its aqueous extract [23] |
| Panax notoginseng | 8 | Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (Senecio base, phenanthroline [24]) |
| Alisma orientalis | 6 | Terpenoids and alkaloids [25] |
| Pueraria lobata | 6 | Santai saponins, alkaloids, and isoflavones [26, 27] |