Exploration of Digestive Diseases

Table 2

Likelihood score of different cholestatic DILI cases defined by LiverTox (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31643176)

Pharmacological group	Agents	Likelihood score
NSAIDs	Celecoxib	B
	Ibuprofen	A
	Metafenamic acid	D
	Meloxicam	C
	Naproxen	B
	Nimesulide	A
	Oxaprozin	C
	Piroxicam	B
	Rofecoxib	C
	Sulindac	A
Statins	Atorvastatin	A
	Simvastatin	A
	Fluvastatin	B
Antiinfectives	Amoxicillin-clavulanate	A
	Penicillins (2nd generation)	B-C
	Cephalosporines	B
	Macrolides	A-B
	TMP-SMX	NA
	Nitrofurantoin	A
	Ciprofloxacin	B
	Levofloxacin	A
	Doxycycline	B
	Meropenem	D
	Terbinafine	B
	Amphotericin B	C
	Micafungin	D
	Itraconazole	B
Psychotropic agents	Chlorpromazine	A
	Imipramine	B
	Amitriptyline	B
	Fluoxetine/citalopram	C
	Duloxetine	C
Immunomodulator and antineoplastic drugs	Azathioprine	A
	Eculizumab	D
	Cisplatin	C
	Durvalumab	B
	Pembrolizumab	A
	Pexidartinib	B
	Nivolumab	A
	Atezolizumab	B
	Avelumab	B
Herbs	Kratom	B
	Ashwagandha	C
	Tribulus	E
COVID-19 vaccines	BNT162b2, Pfizer	C
	mRNA-1273	C
	ChAdOx1, AstraZeneca	C
	Ad26.COV2.2, Janssen	D
	NVX-CoV2373, Novavax	E
	Gam-COVID-Vac, Spuntnik V	E
	Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine	E

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Likelihood score: A (well known cause of clinically apparent liver injury), B (highly likely cause of clinically apparent liver injury), C (probable rare cause clinically apparent liver injury), D (possible rare cause of clinically apparent liver injury), E (unproven but suspected cause of clinically apparent liver injury or unlikely cause of clinically apparent liver injury, depend on the involved substance). COVID-19: coronavirus disease 2019; mRNA: messenger RNA; NSAIDs: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; TMP-SMX: trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole