Pathological situations where bile is available and its analysis could be helpful
| Pathological situations |
|---|
| Benign or indeterminate biliary stenoses |
| Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) |
| Chronic cholangitis at risk of developing cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) [repetitive chronic secondary cholangitis, immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4)-related cholangitis, etc.] |
| Chronic pancreatitis with biliary strictures |
| Pancreatic cysts with biliary strictures |
| Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), CCA, bile duct carcinoma (BDC), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and ampullary cancer presenting biliary strictures and/or obstructive jaundice |
| Pancreatic surgery (pancreaticoduodenectomy or total pancreatectomy) |
| Acute cholangitis or cholecystitis |
| Patients with jaundice |
| Pathologies associated with biliary microcrystals: idiopathic acute pancreatitis, recurrent acute pancreatitis, unexplained biliary pain, and post-cholecystectomy biliary pain |
| Liver surgery: hepatectomy and transplantation |