Main causes of dyspnea in cirrhotic patients
| Pulmonary vascular complications associated with portal hypertension | Hepatopulmonary syndrome and portopulmonary hypertension |
|---|---|
| Pleural effusion associated with portal hypertension | Hepatic hydrothorax |
| Extra-pulmonary conditions associated with cirrhosis | Cirrhotic cardiomyopathyLarge volume ascitesSaropeniaAnemia |
| Lung diseases linked to the cause of cirrhosis | Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiencyDiffuse interstitial lung disease associated with scleroderma, primary biliary cholangitis or sarcoidosisVenous thromboembolism |
| Cardio-pulmonary manifestations associated with other disorders | ObesityLung diseases associated with cigarette smokingPleuropulmonary infectionsIschemic/hypertensive/alcoholic cardiomyopathy |