| Colchicine [38, 42] | Inhibits microtubule polymerization | Acute and chronic CPP arthritis | Diarrhea, nausea, abdominal pain |
| NSAIDs [35] | Inhibit prostaglandin synthesis | Symptomatic relief, acute flares | GI side effects, renal impairment |
| Glucocorticoids [10] | Suppress inflammation and immune response | Acute flares, refractory cases | Weight gain, osteoporosis |
| IL-1 Inhibitors (anakinra, canakinumab, and rilonacept) [43–49] | Block IL-1 signaling pathways | Refractory acute or chronic CPP arthritis | Injection site reactions, infections |
| Tocilizumab [51] | IL-6 receptor antagonist | Refractory acute or chronic CPP arthritis | Upper respiratory infections |
| Hydroxychloroquine [35] | Antimalarial and immunomodulatory effects | Chronic CPP crystal inflammatory arthritis | Retinopathy, GI upset |
| Methotrexate [35] | Antimetabolite, immunosuppressive effects | Chronic CPP crystal inflammatory arthritis | Liver toxicity, bone marrow suppression |
| Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) [35] | Stimulates adrenal cortex | Acute flares, refractory cases | Hypertension, mood changes |
| Probenecid [53] | Inhibits urate reabsorption in the kidneys | Experimental, potential ANKH transporter modulation | Nausea, vomiting, rash |