From:  Pain management for the neurosurgical patient in spinal procedures: overview of historic and new modalities

Non-opioid drugs and interventions for pain management in spine surgery

Non-opioid medicationsOther interventionsNon-pharmacologic strategies
Gabapentin, pregabalin, ketamine, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), acetaminophenEpidural, intravenous (IV) lidocaine, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)Physical therapy, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)
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