Exploration of Drug Science

Table 3

Anti-cancer activity of psoralidin in different malignancies

Cancer type	Model	Inhibitory concentrations	Anti-cancer activity	Mechanism of action	References
Prostate	PC-3, DU-145, PzHPV-7, xenograft	45–60 µM	Induction of apoptosis ↑Death receptors ↓Tumor growth	↓TNF-α mediated NF-кB signaling	[113]
	PC-3, DU-145, LNCaP, C4-2B, xenograft	45–60 µM	↓Cell proliferation ↓Tumor growth Induction of apoptosis	↓EGFR/MAPK signaling	[114]
	LNCaP	20–50 µM	Induction of apoptosis ↓Cell proliferation	↑TRAIL	[115]
	PC-3, PzHPV-7, C4-2B	5–20 µM	↓Cell proliferation ↓Migration, Invasion	ROS generation	[116]
	RWPE-1, xenograft mice	4 µM	↓Cell proliferation Induction of apoptosis Autophagy induction EMT Inhibition	↓NF-кB signaling	[117]
Cervical	HeLa	50 µM	Induction of apoptosis Depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential	↑TRAIL induced R2 death receptor	[118]
Lung	A549	10–20 µM	↓Cell proliferation Autophagy induction	ROS generation	[119]
Breast	MCF-7, MDA-MB-231	10–20 µM	↓Cell proliferation DNA damage Autophagy induction	ROS generation ↑Nitrogen oxides	[120]
Esophageal	Eca9706	10 µM	↓Cell proliferation Induction of apoptosis	↓NF-кB signaling ↓PI3K/Akt signaling	[121]
Colon	SW480	5–20 µM	↓Cell proliferation Induction of apoptosis	↓NF-кB signaling	[122]
Colon	HT-29, HCT-116	0–20 µM	Induction of apoptosis depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential	ROS generation	[123]
Liver	HepG2	64 µM	Induction of apoptosis	↑p53	[124]
Liver	HepG2, xenograft	9 µM	↓Cell proliferation G2/M cell cycle arrest Induction of apoptosis Autophagy induction ↓Tumor growth	-	[125]
Osteosarcoma	143B, MG63, orthotopic mice	30 µM	↓Cell proliferation ↓Migration, Invasion Induction of apoptosis Cell cycle arrest	↓PI3K/Akt signaling ↓FAK	[126]

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EGFR: epidermal growth factor receptor; EMT: epithelial-mesenchymal transition; FAK: focal adhesion kinase; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; NF-кB: nuclear factor kappa B; PI3K/Akt: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B; p53: tumor protein; ROS: reactive oxygen species; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor alpha; TRAIL: tumor necrosis factor related apoptosis inducing ligand; TRAIL-R2: TRAIL-receptor 2; -: blank cell