Exploration of Drug Science

Table 2. Epitopes identified in Latin American snake toxins

Venom animal	Toxin (UniProt)	Epitope	Epitope mapping	Immunogen	Reference
Bothrops neuwiedi	SVMP neuwiedase (Q9I9R4)	NTXNGFFRSXN, HNLGMEHDGKDXL	Phage display	Peptides displayed on phages	[43]
Bothrops atrox	SVMP atroxlysin-1 (P85420)	NGNSDKIRRRIH-GG-GVEIWSNKDLINVQ	Spot synthesis	Peptide in liposomes	[32]
Bothrops atrox	SVMP atroxlysin-1 (P85420)	V⁹DLFIVVDHGMFMKY²³	Informatic	Peptide in liposomes	[50]
Bothrops jararaca	SVMP bothropasin, (O93523)	K²⁰²ARMYELANIVNEILRYLYMH²²²	Spot synthesis	Polymerized peptide	[33]
Lachesis muta	SVMP hemorrhagic factor 2, (P22796)	QCTMDQGRLRCR, TCATDQGRLRCT, HCFHDQGRVRCA, HCTMDQGRLRCR, SCMLDQGRSRCR	Phage display	Peptides in liposomes	[44]
Lachesis muta	SVMP hemorrhagic factor 2, (P22796)	PYCQCLNKPYL	Informatic	Peptide in liposomes	[51]
Lachesis stenophrys	SVSP (Q072L7)	W⁵⁴VLTAAHCDR⁷⁴, K¹⁰⁹DKDIMLIKLDSPVSNS¹²³, L¹⁹³EGGKDSCKGDSGGPLI²⁰⁹	Informatic	Individual peptides	[52]
Crotalus durissus terrificus	PLA2 crotoxin basic subunit, (P62022)	L¹⁰LVGVEGHLLQFNKMIKFETR³⁰, Y⁴³CGWGGRGRPKDATDRCCFVH⁶³, T¹¹⁸YKYGYMFYPDSRCRGPSETC¹³⁸	Spot synthesis	Peptides in liposomes	[34]
Crotalus durissus terrificus	Crotamine (Q9PWF3)	F¹²PKEKICLPPSSDFGKMDCRW³²	Spot synthesis	Peptides in liposomes	[34]
Micrurus corallinus	PLA2 (Q8AXW7)	N²⁸LINFQRMIQCTTRRSAW⁴⁵, N¹¹⁹CDRTAALCFGRAPYNKNN¹³⁷	Spot synthesis	Polymerized peptides	[35]
Micrurus corallinus	3FTX (C6JUP3 and others)	P³⁹DDFTCVKKWEGGGRRV⁵⁵, T³⁷CPAGQKICFKKWKKG⁵², P⁶⁴KPKKDETIQCCTKNN⁷⁹, L²²ECKICNFKTCPTDELRH³⁹, T⁵⁴HRGLRIDRGCAATCPTVK⁷², R²⁸HASDSQTTTCLSGICYKK⁴⁵, G⁵⁸CPQSSRGVKVDCCMRDK⁷⁵	Spot synthesis	Polymerized peptides	[35]

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SVMP: snake venom metalloproteinase; SVSP: snake venom serine protease; PLA2: phospholipase A2; 3FTx: three-finger toxin; X: any one of the 20 amino acids

Declarations

Author contributions

JAR, GRBV, and JAE: Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. SAC: Funding acquisition, Conceptualization, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. All authors read and approved the submitted version.

Conflicts of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publication

Not applicable.

Availability of data and materials

Not applicable.

Funding

This work was partially supported by the Agencia Nacional de Promoción de la Investigación, el Desarrollo Tecnológico y la Innovación de la República Argentina [PICT-2021-I-A-00236]; the Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) [PIP 11220210100075CO] and the Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina [20020220200001BA]. SAC is a researcher at the CONICET and a professor at the UBA. JAR, GRBV, and JAE are teachers at the UBA. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

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