Exploration of Drug Science

Table 3

Predicted and observed absolute bioavailability in children

Medicines	Age	Observed F mean (%)	Observed range (%)	Predicted F (%)	Ratio of predicted/observed	References
Midazolam	Adult	48	32–64	NA	NA	[8]
	Preterm	49	12–100	38	0.77	[9, 10]
	0.5–2 years	37	±21	42	1.14	[11]
	5.5–6 years	27	NA	42	1.57	[12]
Famotidine	Adult	45	38–51	NA	NA	[13]
	11–15 years	51	NA	45	0.88	[14]
	0–1 year	42	NA	45	1.07	[15]
Voriconazole	Adult	83	75–94	NA	NA	[16]
	2–<6 years	44	NA	79	1.79	[17]
	6–<12 years	91	NA	79	0.86	[17]
Diclofenac	Adult	54	NA	NA	NA	[18]
Diclofenac	1–12 years	70	NA	60	0.85	[19, 20]
Cyclosporine	Adult	22	±7.4	NA	NA	[21]
Cyclosporine	1.1–2.5 years	22	11–35	19	0.86	[22]
Cefetamet	Adult	41	24–64	NA	NA	[23]
	3–7 years	49	29–70	39	0.79	[24]
	>7–12 years	38	36–47	39	1.02	[24]
	3.5–17.3 months	38	±19	39	1.02	[25]
Zidovudine	Adult	75	60–95	NA	NA	[26]
	Term < 14 days	89	±19	75	0.84	[27]
	Term > 14 days	61	±19	75	1.23	[27]
Azithromycin	Adult	43	±13	NA	NA	[28]
	0.5–2 years	27	NA	39	1.43	[29, 30]
	>2–5 years	37	NA	45	1.20	[29, 30]
	7–12 years	52	NA	45	0.86	[29–31]
Busulfan	Adult	80	47–103	NA	NA	[32]
Busulfan	1.4–6 years	68	22–120	73	1.07	[32]
Cimetidine	Adult	60	30–100	NA	NA	[33]
Cimetidine	4–13 years	54	51–57	59	1.09	[34]
Digoxin	Adult	74	63–84	NA	NA	[35]
Digoxin	Newborn infants	72	52–79	73	1.02	[36]
Clonidine	Adult	88	±9	NA	NA	[37]
Clonidine	3–10 years	55	NA	88	1.62	[38]
Ranitidine	Adult	51	35–65	NA	NA	[39]
Ranitidine	3.5–16 years	48	22–96	46	0.95	[40]
Ketoprofen	Adult	≥92	NA	NA	NA	[41]
	7–93 months	77	NA	92	1.20	[42, 43]
	0.5–2 years	80	NA	92	1.15	[42–44]
	>2–7 years	69	NA	92	1.34	[42–44]
Itraconazole	Adult	19	NA	NA	NA	[45, 46]
	0.5–2 years	32	NA	20	0.63	[47, 48]
	>2–5 years	35	NA	22	0.62	[47, 48]
	>5–12 years	30	NA	22	0.73	[47, 48]

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F: absolute bioavailability; NA: not available