Anti-cancer effects of lutein
| Sl.NO | Type of cancer | Mechanism of action | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Lung cancer, A549 cell lines | Induce apoptosis—PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and ATR/Chk1/p53 signaling pathway↑Expression of BCL-2 and ↓expression of BAX proteinSuppress expression of SOX2 and NANOG genes in A549↑Expression of CD44 and CD133, ↓expression of SLCA11 gene | [79–81] |
| 2 | Gastric cancer, AGS cell lines | Induce apoptosis—↑DNA fragmentation, caspase-3 activity, the BAX/BCL-2 ratio, and NADPH oxidase-mediated ROS generation | [82] |
| 3 | Hepatic cancer, HepG2 cell lines | G2/M phase cell cycle arrest and the phosphorylation of Cdk1 and p53Alter the phosphorylation of ERK, JNK, and Akt in hyperglycemic cell lines | [83, 84] |
| 4 | Prostate cancer, PC-3 cell lines | ↑Drug-induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, and also increased the expression of biomarker genes linked to death and proliferation in PC-3 cells | [85] |
↑: increasing; ↓: decreasing. PI3K: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; ROS: reactive oxygen species; ATR: ataxia telangiectasia mutated and Rad3-related kinase; Chk1: checkpoint kinase 1; BCL-2: B-cell lymphoma 2; BAX: BCL-2-associated X protein; SOX2: SRY-related HMG-box protein 2; NANOG: Nanog homeobox; SLCA11: solute carrier family 11 member A1; NADPH: nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; ERK: extracellular signal-regulated kinase; AGS: gastric adenocarcinoma; Hep: hepatic; Cdk1: cyclin-dependent kinase 1; JNK: c-Jun N-terminal kinase; Akt: protein kinase B; PC-3: prostate cancer cell line