Exploration of Medicine

Bone agents	Regulatory molecules	Activity of ROS	Reference
Osteoblast	Hydroxyl and superoxide radicals	Inhibition of differentiation and mineralization; induction of necrosis	[11]
Osteoclast	Superoxide, H₂O₂ and NADPH oxidase	Enhanced generation of ROS regulates osteoclast differentiation and facilitates resorption of bone tissues Generation of resorption pit	[17]
Osteocytes	NO, H₂O₂	Induction of apoptotic cell death	[20, 21]
Fibrinonectin	Oxygen-free radicals	Partial degradation and modification of ECM molecules; inhibition of bone nodule formation	[19]
Pro-inflammatory cytokines	IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α	Increases the expression of osteoclast markers	[11]

Bone agents

Regulatory molecules

Activity of ROS

Reference

Osteoblast

Hydroxyl and superoxide radicals

Inhibition of differentiation and mineralization; induction of necrosis

Osteoclast

Superoxide, H₂O₂ and NADPH oxidase

Enhanced generation of ROS regulates osteoclast differentiation and facilitates resorption of bone tissues
Generation of resorption pit