Studies on wheatgrass ameliorating chemoprevention
| Type of cancer | Cell line used | Analysis method | Mechanistic approach for chemoprevention | Results | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Laryngeal cancer | Hep2 cell lines | Hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, and anti-proliferative activity | Cell proliferation is via G1 arrest in the cell cycle and p53 induction. Isolated compounds inhibit cyclin D1/Cdk4 binding and thus inhibit cell proliferation. | The presence of polyphenolics has proved the anti-leukemic potential of wheatgrass. | [47] |
| Lung cancer | A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cells | MTT assay | Suppression of HIF-1α expression | Wheatgrass extract suppresses HIF-1α expression in airway epithelial cells and inhibits mucin overexpression induced by HIF-1α. | [59] |
| Cervical cancer | Human epithelial cells (HeLa) | MTT assay, cell cycle analysis, nuclear morphological examination, and RT-PCR | Cell arrest at G0-G1 phase of cell cycle | Wheatgrass possesses anti-cancer potential by inducing apoptosis and anti-proliferative action and is used to prevent and treat human cervical cancer. | [55] |
| Breast cancer | MCF-7 | HPLC and GC–MS | Conducted immunomodulatory bioactive assays and observed delayed type hypersensitivity response and splenocyte proliferation assay | YWG and WG1 were discovered to show positive anti-cancer and immunomodulatory activity. | [54] |
| Prostate cancer | PC3 | ||||
| Colon cancer | HCT-116 | ||||
| Lung cancer | A549 | ||||
| Pancreatic cancer | MIA PaCa-2 | ||||
| Ovarian cancer | A2780 A2780cisR | XTT assays | XTT assays | Wheatgrass may lessen the cytotoxicity of carboplatin on ovarian cancer cells that are susceptible to the drug cisplatin. | [58] |
MTT: 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide; HIF-1α: hypoxia inducible factor; RT: reverse transcription; MCF-7: Michigan cancer foundation-7; A2780cisR: A2780 cisplatin resistant; XTT: 2,3-bis-(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H- tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide; YWG: 5-bromo-2-(5-bromo-chloro-1, 2-dihydroxy-4-methylcyclohexyl)-tetrahydro-2,6,6-trimethyl- 2H-pran-3-yl-acetate; WG1: 2,28-diamino-3,27-dihydroxynonacosan-12-one; HPLC: high-performance liquid chromatography