Exploration of Medicine

Table 1.

Nutrients for mitochondrial complexes function

Mitochondrial complex	Nutrients
ETC complexes	Copper, iron, sulfur, riboflavin and ubiquinone coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10)
PDH complex	Riboflavin, niacin, thiamin, pantothenic acid and lipoic acid
TCA cycle	Iron, sulfur, thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, cysteine, magnesium, manganese, and lipoic acid Synthesis of heme for heme-dependent enzymes in the TCA cycle needs various nutrients such as copper, iron, riboflavin, pyridoxine and zinc Synthesis of L-carnitine requires ascorbic acid
Shuttling electrons between ETC complexes	Copper, iron and ubiquinone