Protein kinases and their general functions
| Kinases | Function in the heart | Activation mechanism | Common heart problems | Alteration of protein kinase function |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PKA | Regulates cation channels, intracellular Ca2+ handling, and contractility [21] | Activated by β-adrenergic receptor signaling and cAMP production [22] | Heart failure, arrhythmias | Prolonged activation due to sympathetic nervous system activity; can contribute to cardiac dysfunction [22] |
| PKC | Regulates cation channels, contractility, and gene expression [23] | Activated by various signaling molecules such as AngII [24] | Heart failure, arrhythmias, cardiomyopathy | Increased activation due to various signaling molecules such as AngII; can contribute to cardiac dysfunction [25] |
| PI3Ks | Regulates cardiac hypertrophy, angiogenesis, and glucose metabolism [26] | Signaling molecules including growth factors and cytokines [26] | Coronary artery disease, heart failure, cardiomyopathy | Increased activation due to various signaling molecules such as growth factors and cytokines; can contribute to cardiac dysfunction [27] |
| MAPKs | Regulates cardiac hypertrophy, inflammation, and apoptosis [28] | Activated by various signaling molecules including growth factors and cytokines [29] | Coronary artery disease, heart failure, cardiomyopathy | Increased activation due to various signaling molecules such as oxidative stress and inflammation; can contribute to cardiac dysfunction [30] |
| CaMKII | Regulates ion channels, intracellular Ca2+ handling, and gene expression [31] | Activated by increases in intracellular Ca2+ levels [32] | Heart failure, arrhythmias, myocardial infarction | Increased activation due to various signaling molecules such as β-adrenergic receptor signaling and changes in intracellular Ca2+ levels; can contribute to cardiac dysfunction and arrhythmias [33] |
cAMP: cyclic adenosine monophosphate