Pathologies of the heart and how protein kinases are involved
| Ailment | Mechanism of heart dysregulation | Protein kinases affected | Drug effects on protein kinases | Heart problem alleviation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Heart failure | Impaired contractility, Ca2+ handling, and gene expression [34] | PKA, PKC, CaMKII [34] | Inhibition of protein kinases [35] | Improved contractility and relaxation, reduced heart rate and blood pressure [36, 37] |
| Ischemic heart disease | Reduced blood flow to the heart, oxidative stress, and inflammation [38] | PKC [39] | Vasodilation, reduced oxygen demand [40] | Improved blood flow and decreased ischemia-induced damage [41] |
| Atherosclerosis | Plaque buildup in arteries, inflammation, and oxidative stress [39] | PKC, MAPKs, NF-κB [11] | Lowering of cholesterol and lipid levels, anti-inflammatory effects [41] | Improved endothelial function [11] |
| Arrhythmias | Abnormal heart rhythms and altered ion channel function [40] | PKA, PKC, CaMKII [34] | Inhibition of protein kinases [35] | Improved ion channel function and rhythm control [40] |
| Diabetic cardiomyopathy | Altered glucose and lipid metabolism, and oxidative stress [41] | PKC, Akt, PKD [41] | Improved glucose and lipid metabolism, reduced oxidative stress [41] | Improved cardiac function [41] |
| Hypertension | High blood pressure and increased cardiac workload [38] | PKC, CaMKII [11] | Inhibition of protein kinases, reduced cardiac workload and blood pressure [11] | Reduced blood pressure, improved cardiac function [11] |
NF-κB: nuclear factor kappa B; Akt: protein kinase B; PKD: protein kinase D