Influence of menopause and aging on clinical outcomes in schizophrenia
| Aspect | Outcomes | Findings |
|---|---|---|
| Epidemiology | Reduced levels of oestrogens on schizophrenia incidence | Second peak of incidence at menopause in women [25, 73] |
| Psychopathological symptoms | Symptom severity and clinical stability | Menopause correlates with 1) increased severity of psychosis [74] and 2) antipsychotic resistance [74–82] |
| Physical health | Breast cancer—incidence and mortality | Increased incidence attributed to drug-induced hyperprolactinemia. Increased mortality attributed to low rates of cancer screening and medical neglect [83, 84] |
| Medical co-morbidity | Osteoporosis and type 2 diabetes attributed to antipsychotics [82] |
AGR and JC: Conceptualization, Data curation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing. MVS: Conceptualization, Data curation, Writing—original draft, Writing—review & editing, Supervision.
AGR has received registrations for congresses or travel funds from Janssen Global Services, Lundbeck, Otsuka Pharmaceutical, and Angelini Pharma, and honoraria for lectures from Lundbeck and Otsuka.
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© The Author(s) 2023.