From:  The association between circulating CD34+CD133+ endothelial progenitor cells and reduced risk of Alzheimer’s disease in the Framingham Heart Study

Examination of the relationship between different circulating progenitor or mature endothelial cells and the risk of AD/dementia by using Cox proportional hazards regression models after adjusting for covariates

Circulating cellsNumber/mL (%)
Median [Q1, Q3]		AD
HR (95% CI)		P valueAll-cause dementia
HR (95% CI)		P value
CD34+CD133+2.61 × 104 [1.65 × 104, 4.39 × 104]
0.031 [0.020, 0.049]		0.64 (0.44, 0.94)
n = 1,340		0.02*0.63 (0.45, 0.87)
n = 1,362		0.006*
CD34+CD133–2.13 × 104 [1.38 × 104, 3.19 × 104]
0.025 [0.017, 0.038]		0.79 (0.49, 1.27)
n = 1,340		0.330.74 (0.50, 1.10)
n = 1,362		0.14
CD34–CD133+3.06 × 104 [2.33 × 104, 4.15 × 104]
0.037 [0.028, 0.047]		0.56 (0.28, 1.14)
n = 1,340		0.110.81 (0.46, 1.43)
n = 1,362		0.47
CD34–CD133–8.59 × 107 [6.91 × 107, 10.56 × 107]
99.90 [99.90, 99.90]		342.92 (0.62, 1.91 × 105)
n = 1,340		0.0762.05 (0.37, 1.03 × 104)
n = 1,362		0.11
CD34+6.36 × 104 [4.44 × 104, 9.51 × 104]
0.076 [0.053, 0.110]		0.62 (0.36, 1.04)
n = 1,415		0.070.61 (0.39, 0.96)
n = 1,436		0.03*
CD34+/KDR+3.38 × 106 [1.96 × 106, 5.71 × 106]
3.96 [2.33, 6.58]		0.91 (0.65, 1.28)
n = 1,416		0.590.91 (0.68, 1.23)
n = 1,437		0.55
CD31+/CD45–5.14 × 105 [2.93 × 105, 8.78 × 105]
0.60 [0.36, 1.01]		0.85 (0.62, 1.17)
n = 1,431		0.320.85 (0.65, 1.11)
n = 1,453		0.24
CD31+1.73 × 107 [1.19 × 107, 2.42 × 107]
20.24 [15.12, 26.00]		0.86 (0.43, 1.70)
n = 1,400		0.650.74 (0.42, 1.31)
n = 1,421		0.30
CD31–3.11 × 107 [2.35 × 107, 4.02 × 107]
39.39 [29.98, 47.93]		1.46 (0.69, 3.08)
n = 1,400		0.321.64 (0.85, 3.16)
n = 1,421		0.14
CD31+DIM3.36 × 107 [2.38 × 107, 4.43 × 107]
39.03 [31.99, 46.82]		0.73 (0.32, 1.66)
n = 1,400		0.450.73 (0.36, 1.48)
n = 1,421		0.38
CD31+lymphoid6.57 × 107 [5.38 × 107, 8.22 × 107]
79.76 [74.00, 84.88]		1.91 (0.16, 22.65)
n = 1,400		0.612.76 (0.32, 24.12)
n = 1,421		0.36
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The concentration (cell number/mL) and the proportion (%) of different circulating endothelial cell (EPCs) and EMCs are illustrated in the 2nd column. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to study the relationship between the proportions (%) of different subtypes of EPCs and EMCs (log-transformed) and the risk of AD or all-cause dementia after adjusting for age, sex, years of education, APOE ε4, and vascular diseases. HR with 95% CI with P values is shown. * P value significant < 0.05; CI: confidence interval; HR: hazard ratio; Q: quartile