Structure-factor stimuli of pathogen-inducing NETs. Depending on the stimulus, neutrophils can become either suicidal (terminal) or vital “zombie” neutrophils
Group | Species |
---|---|
Bacteria | Shigella flexneri [47], Escherichia coli [51], Streptococcus pyogenes [52], Streptococcus pneumonia [53], and Staphylococcus aureus [49, 54, 55]. |
Viruses | HIV-1 [56], influenza [57], feline leukemia virus [58], and rabbit poxvirus (MYXV) [59]. |
Fungi | Candida albicans [60], Aspergillus fumigatus [61], and Aspergillus nidulans [62]. |
Parasite | Leishmania spp. [63], Plasmodium falciparum [64]. |
Chemicals | Phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) [47], hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) [54], antibodies [61], antigen-antibody complexes [65], microbial components [66], lipopolysaccharide (LPS) [67], M1 protein from Streptococcus pyogenes [68], lipophosphoglycans from Leishmania amazonensis [63], toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) activated platelets [69], and macrophage-1 (MAC1) integrin receptors [69]. |