From:  Interconnectedness threat: unveiling the mechanisms behind human papillomavirus-induced cervical cancer

Stages of cervical cancer development

StageDescriptionTreatment
Stage 1Localized diseaseSurgery
Stage 2Cancer spreads to nearby tissuesSurgery, radiation therapy
Stage 3The cancer spreads further into the pelvis or to lymph nodesChemoradiotherapy
Stage 4Cancer spreads to distant organsMultimodal therapies (surgery, chemoradiotherapy, targeted therapies, immunotherapy)

Data adapted from references [26, 27]