Exploration of Medicine

From: Artificial intelligence in panoramic images—clinical aid to a dentist

Table 1

Inter-rater reliability for fixed prosthesis

Cohen’s weighted kappa
Ratings	Weighted kappa^a	Asymptotic			95% Asymptotic confidence interval
Ratings	Weighted kappa^a	Standard error^b	z^c	Sig.	Lower bound	Upper bound
observer 1–observer 2	0.878	0.021	22.444	< 0.001	0.837	0.918
observer 1–observer 3	0.866	0.022	22.178	< 0.001	0.823	0.909
observer 1–observer 4	0.894	0.020	23.123	< 0.001	0.855	0.934
observer 1–AI	0.906	0.019	23.347	< 0.001	0.868	0.944
observer 2–observer 3	0.922	0.017	23.318	< 0.001	0.888	0.956
observer 2–observer 4	0.920	0.017	23.550	< 0.001	0.886	0.954
observer 2–AI	0.943	0.015	24.197	< 0.001	0.913	0.974
observer 3–observer 4	0.935	0.015	23.894	< 0.001	0.906	0.963
observer 3–AI	0.939	0.014	24.141	< 0.001	0.912	0.966
observer 4–AI	0.959	0.012	24.725	< 0.001	0.935	0.983

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^a The estimation of the weighted kappa uses linear weights; ^b value does not depend on either null or alternative hypotheses; ^c estimates the asymptotic standard error assuming the null hypothesis that weighted kappa is zero. Sig: significance