Exploration of Medicine

Table 1.

Comparison of the significances of some mechanisms involved in transport of calcium, sodium, and potassium ions, and their consequences on the action potential along the three stages analyzed (Younger, Elder, and MCI Groups)

Functionality	Younger	Elder	MCI
Cellular response to Ca²⁺ ion	4.41	4.23	0
Ca²⁺ ion transport	15.06	4.19	2.72
Voltage-gated Ca²⁺ channels (VGCCs)	3.12	0	1.97
Ca²⁺ channel complex	3.58	1.46	1.71
Ca²⁺ & Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase complex	0	0	1.69
Na⁺ transmembrane transport	3.21	0	0
Voltage-gated Na⁺ channels (VGSCs)	1.97	0	0
K⁺ transmembrane transport	2.55	2.50	0
K⁺: H⁺ exchanger ATPase	1.58	1.80	0
Ranvier nodes	3.20	0	0
Action potential	9.43	4.12	3.48
Excitatory post-synaptic potential	4.41	3.00	1.96
Membrane depolarization	3.65	0	1.33
Membrane hyperpolarization	1.67	0	0

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The significance is expressed as –log10 (FDR), where FDR is the false discovery rate. Note that a zero value denotes a non-significant functionality, as FDR = 1 (For details of the genes involved, see Tables S1–S3)