Differences between groups by measurement time point for ankle primary and secondary outcome measures
| Variables | PJM (n = 15) | AJM (n = 15) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Baselines (A) | Post-test (B) | Baselines (A) | Post-test (B) | |
| Cumberland ankle instability tool | ||||
| Mean ± SD (point) | 19.67 ± 4.03 | 25.87 ± 5.76 | 20.73 ± 3.92 | 24.33 ± 4.69 |
| B–A (Cohen’s d) | 6.20** (1.248) | 3.60* (0.834) | ||
| t (95% CI) | 1.659 (–0.61 to 5.81) | |||
| Dorsiflexion range of motion | ||||
| Mean ± SD (°) | 21.73 ± 7.81 | 35.13 ± 7.42 | 24.13 ± 10.43 | 40.07 ± 4.95 |
| B–A (Cohen’s d) | 13.40** (1.758) | 15.93** (1.951) | ||
| t (95% CI) | –0.839 (–8.72 to 3.65) | |||
| Joint position sense | ||||
| Mean ± SD (%) | 38.79 ± 10.38 | 52.54 ± 15.32 | 42.44 ± 11.31 | 58.41 ± 13.20 |
| B–A (Cohen’s d) | 13.75* (1.051) | 15.97** (1.300) | ||
| t (95% CI) | –0.513 (–11.11 to 6.66) | |||
| Static balance | ||||
| Mean ± SD (%) | 77.63 ± 14.77 | 82.63 ± 10.86 | 77.10 ± 12.60 | 82.89 ± 9.76 |
| B–A (Cohen’s d) | 5.01 (0.386) | 5.79 (0.514) | ||
| t (95% CI) | –0.179 (–9.72 to 8.16) | |||
* p < 0.01; ** p < 0.001. AJM: active joint mobilization; CI: confidence interval; PJM: passive joint mobilization