Pregnancy complications in which demonstrable effects of chronic HBV infection have been reported
| Pregnancy complication | Effect of HBV carrier status | References |
|---|---|---|
| Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) | Increased | [7–17] |
| Pre-eclampsia (PE) | Increased superimposed PE | [12] |
| Reduced | [22, 24, 27, 39, 40] | |
| Pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH)/gestational hypertension (GH) | Increased | [12, 47, 48] |
| Reduced | [22, 24, 27, 39] | |
| Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) | Increased | [26, 27, 50] |
| Preterm birth (PTB) | Increased | [12, 13, 19, 23, 51, 53–57] |
| Correlated with second trimester HBV DNA level | [48] | |
| Increased in vaginal delivery | [27] | |
| Prelabour rupture of membranes (PROM) | Increased | [23, 26] |
| Reduced | [27] | |
| Antepartum haemorrhage (APH)/placental abruption (PA) | Increased | [8, 23] |
| Increased with hepatitis C virus co-infection | [19] | |
| Increased in vaginal delivery | [27] | |
| Placenta praevia (PP) | No effect | [8, 11, 21, 61] |
| Caesarean delivery (CD) | Increased | [16, 23, 24, 48] |
| Reduced | [19] | |
| Postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) | Increased | [24, 27, 65] |