A 10-year literature review of different nano-formulations of RSV
| Route of administration | Drug (API) | Excipient | Formulation | Observations | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parenteral delivery (intravenous) | trans-RSV | TPGS | SLN | Showed 9.37 folds higher plasma half-life and improved circulation time, better passive brain delivery of drug in Charles Foster rats. | [56] |
| Oral delivery | RSV | Magnesium dihydroxide | Solid dispersion | Improved solubility and bioavailability (3.3-fold) as compared to RSV alone. | [87] |
| A mixed lipid phase (castor oil/Capmul MCM 1:1) and a mixed surfactant phase (Kolliphor EL/Kolliphor RH 40 1:1) | Self-micro emulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) | Formulation improved the bioavailability and reduce toxicity which is further used in the supplement as well as the pharmaceutical industry. | [88] | ||
| poly (DL-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) | Systematically optimized nanoparticles | Ka and AUC are 7.17 and 10.6 folds respectively while bioavailability showed 2.78 folds. | [89] | ||
| Phospholipids, Sylysia 350, TPGS | Solidified phospholipid-TPGS | Increased bioavailability by dissolution rate and absorption. | [90] | ||
| Zein | Nano capsulation | Improved bioavailability and permeability of 1.15 folds. | [91] | ||
| Di stearoyl phosphatidyl choline, sodium taurocholate, cholesterol | Proliposomal formulation | AUC and Cmax increased by 2 folds. | [92] | ||
| Nasal delivery | RSV | 8.75% w/v chitosan solution, SLMs, chitosan | LMs uncoated or coated with chitosan | Improve Cmax (60 min) about 9.7 ± 1.9 μg/mL.Effective targeting of brain drug delivery by nasal route. | [93] |
| Transferosomes | Intranasal transferosome mucoadhesive gel | Improved Cmax and AUC by 2.15 and 22.5 folds respectively as compared to RSV suspension alone. | [94] | ||
| Topical delivery | RSV | Gelot 64 (surfactant), OAs and LAs | Niosomes | Topical penetration increased up to 21%. | [86] |
| Dendrimer | Dendrimer nanotechnology | 78.06% of the formulation showed intradermal permeation and only 37.33% RSV alone. | [13] | ||
| Eugenol | Nano emulsion | The highest RSV penetration into the stratum corneum is about 9.55 (ratio compared to saturated RSV). | [95] | ||
| Limonene | Nano emulsion | The highest permeation of drug to the skin is about 12.61 (ratio compared to saturated RSV). | [95] |
AUC: area under the curve; Cmax: peak plasma concentration; LMs: lipid microparticles