Developments related to glioblastoma diagnostics and liquid biopsy
| Year | Author | Probe | Method | Tumor | Milestone |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1926 | Bailey and Cushing [3] | Tumor resection | Neurosurgery, histology, classification | GBM | Developed modern neurosurgery and classification of brain tumors, coined the term “glioblastoma multiforme” |
| 1991, 1992 | Eibl and Wiestler [8], Eibl et al. [9], Wiestler et al. [10] | Animal models | Oncogene transfer into neural grafts | Gliomas, PNETs | Rat tumor models, (reviewed in [11]) |
| 1992 | von Deimling, Eibl et al. [12] | Frozen tumor sample | SSCP | Astrocytoma II, III | TP53 mutations are not a late event in astrocytic tumor development |
| 1993 | Louis et al. [13] | Frozen tumor sample | SSCP | Astrocytoma II, III GBM | TP53 mutations in astrocytic tumors, incl. GBM |
| 1993 | Ohgaki et al. [14] | Frozen tumor sample | SSCP | PA I | Absence of TP53 mutations in pilocytic astrocytoma |
| 2003 | Balaña et al. [15] | ctDNA | PCR to detect methylated MGMT | GBM | Methylated MGMT predicts response to alkylating chemotherapy |
| 2014 | Bettegowda et al. [16] | ctDNA | Digital PCR, sequencing | Different cancers, incl. glial tumors | ctDNA detection |
| 2014 | Sullivan et al. [17] | CTC | Removing leukocytes from blood | GBM | Detection of CTCs in GBM |
| 2016 | Louis et al. [4] | Tumor sample | Transcriptome | Nervous system tumors | Paradigm shift in diagnostics from histology to transcriptomics |
| 2016 | Underhill et al. [18] | ctDNA | Experimental study | Human GBM cells in rat brain | Fragmentomics: ctDNA fragments are shorter (134–144 bp) than normal cfDNA (167 bp) |
| 2016 | Donaldson and Park [19] | ctDNA | Observational study | NSCLC | FDA approval [20] for mutated EGFR test on liquid biopsy |
| 2017 | Yasui et al. [21] | EV | Nanowire | GBM | Detection of EVs in urinary |
| 2021 | Louis et al. [5] | Tumor sample | Transcriptome, methylome | NEW: astrocytoma IV (formerly secondary glioblastoma) and GBM | WHO classification: introducing astrocytoma IV and molecular definition of GBM (even without typical histological features) |
CTC: circulating tumor cell; EV: extracellular vesicle; PNETs: primitive neuroectodermal tumors; SSCP: single-strand conformation polymorphism; PA I: pleomorphic adenoma I; PCR: polymerase chain reaction; ctDNA: circulating tumor DNA; MGMT: O6-methylguanine-methyltransferase; cfDNA: cell-free DNA; NSCLC: non-small cell lung cancer; FDA: Food and Drug administration; WHO: World Health Organization