Antioxidant activities of FD
| Serial number (S/N) | Methods | Solvent | Plant parts | Concentrations | Major findings | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | DPPH, FRAP | Methanol, chloroform, ethyl acetate and butanol | Leaves | 25–400 μg/Ml | Methanol extract has the strongest scavenging activity. The radical scavenging effect of the methanol extract appeared to be comparable to that of ascorbic acid at a concentration of 100 μg/mL, while the reducing power of all extracts was concentration dependent | [1] |
| 2 | DPPH | Aqueous | Leaves and fruits | 250, 125, 62.5, and 31.3 μg/mL | The leaves and fruits of var deltoidea demonstrated the maximum radical scavenging activity (82.04 and 71.43 per cent, respectively) in the DPPH experiment | [21] |
| 3 | DPPH, FRAP | Methanol | Leaves | 100 μL | DPPH radical scavenging activity revealed a half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 66.81–288.04 μg/mL and reduced power activity at 0.02–0.24 μg/mL | [22] |
| 4 | DPPH | Methanol | Leaves | 100, 50, 25, 12.5, and 6.25 ppm | The extract of the leaves has antioxidant activity at IC50 = 72.47 μg/mL | [23] |
| 5 | DPPH | Leaves | In a DPPH experiment, the aqueous extract of female F. deltoidea leaves has an IC50 value of 29 μg/mL, while the aqueous extract of male leaves has an IC50 value of 40.1 μg/mL | [24] | ||
| 6 | DPPH, FRAP | Ethanol, aqueous | Fruits | Regarding DPPH radical scavenging activities, the extract’s IC50 values ranged from 13.5 to 79.3 μg/mL. The extracts’ ability to reduce Fe3+ to Fe2+ revealed that almost all of them have significant reducing power. The FRAP values of the extracts ranged from 1.1 to 9.72 mmol/g, respectively | [25] | |
| 7 | DPPH, FRAP | Hot and cold aqueous | Leaves | DPPH 40 μL and FRAP 200 μL | In terms of radical scavenging assay, the cold aqueous extract has the highest percentage of inhibition at 46.77, while FRAP has a similar percentage at 93.69 | [26] |
| 8 | DPPH | Hot aqueous | Leaves | 100 μL | The amount of total phenolic and radical scavenging activity has a positive linear relationship (R2 = 0.65–0.76). According to the research, the F. deltoidea leaf can provide phenolic antioxidants | [27] |
| 9 | DPPH, lipid peroxidation, scavenging, FRAP, total antioxidant capacity assays | Methanol | Leaves | 100 mL | All the methods exhibited good activity, with DPPH presenting the IC50 value at 14.1 μg/mL | [28] |
| 10 | DPPH, FRAP | Methanol, ethanol | Leaves | 40 μL | While ethanol extraction had the highest total antioxidant activity (DPPH) (4.48 mg TE/g FW), methanol extraction had the highest total antioxidant activity (FRAP) (2.43 mg TE/g FW) | [29] |
| 11 | DPPH | Aqueous | Leaves | 1–100 μg/mL | The results showed that the extract was most effective at getting rid of free radicals with an IC50 of 0.039 mg/mL | [30] |
| 12 | DPPH | 70% methanol | Leaves | 5 μL | Only about 30% of DPPH could be inhibited at the highest possible dose of the plant extract | [10] |
| 13 | FRAP, DPPH | Hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol, water | Leaves | 10 μL and 0–2,000 μg/mL | At the activities of FRAP (6–9 mmol Fe2+/g), ABTS (2.0–3.0 mmol TE/g), and DPPH (EC50: 200–410 μg/mL), methanolic leaf extract had the highest antioxidants | [12] |
| 14 | DPPH | Methanol, ethanol, aqueous | Leaves | 1 and 100 μg/mL | The ethanolic extract had the lowest IC50 value, followed by the methanolic extract (22 μg/mL) and the aqueous extract (23 μg/mL) on the graph of percentage inhibition against sample concentration | [31] |
| 15 | DPPH | Water and ethyl acetate | Leaves | 100 μL | Antioxidant potency is measured by the darkening of the reaction mixture in the DPPH assay. Because both types inhibited at least half of the radicals, they were considered equal | [7] |
| 16 | DPPH | Methanol | Leaves and stems | 100, 50, 25, 12.5, and 6.25 μg/mL, respectively | Compared with stem extract, the IC50 of leaf extract exhibits a considerable antioxidant activity (34 and 39 μg/mL extract) based on the radical scavenging activity | [32] |
| 17 | Hydrolysed protein | The hydrolysed protein fractions were shown to be more effective at removing ROS than the un-hydrolysed fractions. Only the protein hydrolysates of 30 and 100 kDa revealed significant variations in radical scavenging capabilities based on a one-way analysis of variance | [19] | |||
| 18 | DPPH | Hexane, chloroform and methanol | Fruits | 0.75–5.0 μg/mL | The 250 μg/mL of methanol extract and 125 μg/mL of chloroform extract were both able to get rid of more than 50% of free radicals. All extracts were very good at fighting free radicals | [33] |
| 19 | Aqueous | Leaves | 500 mg/kg | In addition to reducing the amount of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the rats’ organs, the F. deltoidea leaf extract also increased glutathione (GSH) and CAT activity while decreasing total cholesterol (TC) levels in their blood. Only the rats’ hearts and kidneys were shown to have increased GSH activity | [34] | |
| 20 | DPPH | n-hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol | Leaves | 7.81–1,000 μg/mL | According to a new study, the IC50 value for DPPH radical scavenging activity was 129.27 μg/mL for the methanol extract of F. deltoidea leaves as a viable natural antioxidant for medicinal usage | [35] |
| 21 | The F. deltoidea extract may be useful in anti-photoaging cosmetics because it protects against ultraviolet radiation b (UVB)-induced skin damage | [36] | ||||
| 22 | DPPH | Aqueous | Leaves and fruits | 250, 125, 62.5, and 31.3 μg/mL | Increases in extract concentration from 31.3 μg/mL to 250 μg/mL increase inhibition | [37] |
| 23 | Methanol | Leaves and stems | 50 μL | Crushed leaf and stem extracts from female and male F. deltoidea plants showed considerable antioxidant activity in the DPPH assay. After the female stem and leaf were extracted, the maximum antioxidant activity was found to be in the female leaf extract (fraction 51), followed by the female leaf extract (fraction 8), and the male leaf extract (fraction 35) | [38] | |
| 24 | DPPH | Hot aqueous | Fruits | 25–1,000 μg/mL | The extracts and fractions found the maximum antioxidant activity and phenolic content, with a total of 121.62 mg/g extracts | [18] |
| 25 | DPPH | Leaves | The IC50 of the isolated compounds is 92.5 μM for vitexin and 115.4 μM for isovitexin | [39] | ||
| 26 | DPPH | Methanol | Leaves | 20 μL | All species were recorded to be significantly active | [40] |
| 27 | DPPH, superoxide anion scavenging activity | Methanol | Leaves | Divergent radical scavenging activities (P < 0.05) were seen between alcoholic and aqueous extracts of different plant varieties. Both extract types showed significant antioxidant activity in DPPH and superoxide anion scavenging models | [17] | |
| 28 | DPPH | Methanol | Fresh leaves, senescent leaves, unripe fruits, ripe fruits and stems | 100, 50, 25, 12.5, and 6.25 ppm | In terms of antioxidant activity, senescent leaves at 34.1 had the greatest IC50 values, followed by fresh leaves at 34.4, matured fruits at 39.4, unripe fruits at 50.2, and stems at 126.1 ppm, respectively | [41] |
| 29 | Aqueous | The antioxidant activity of F. deltoidea extract was determined by HPLC with online antioxidant analysis. This showed that the flavan-3-ol monomers and proanthocyanidins accounted for 85% of the overall antioxidant activity of the aqueous F. deltoidea infusion | [20] |